Diarrhea is one of the common adverse reactions in antibiotic treatment, which is usually caused by the imbalance of intestinal flora, and probiotics play an important role in the structure of intestinal flora. Therefore, this experiment studied the regulatory effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 2-33 on antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) mice. First, the AAD mice model was established by the mixed antibiotic solution of gentamicin sulfate and cefradine. Then, the physiological indexes and diarrhea of mice were observed and recorded by gastric perfusion of low dose (1.0 × 107 CFU/ml), medium dose (1.0 × 108CFU/ml), and high dose (1.0 × 109 CFU/ml) strain 2-33. 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions were sequenced in colon contents of mice in control group, model group, self-healing group, and experimental group, respectively, and the diversity of intestinal flora and gene function prediction were analyzed. The results showed that the intestinal flora of AAD mice was not significantly regulated by gastric perfusion of strain 2-33 to 7 days, but the relative abundance and diversity of intestinal flora of AAD mice were significantly improved by gastric perfusion to 14 days (p < 0.05). In addition, at the genus level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased significantly, and the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Bacillus decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, the regulation of strain 2-33 on intestinal flora of AAD mice was time- and dose-dependent, short-term gastric perfusion, and low dose had no significant effect (p > 0.05). Strain 2-33 can significantly increase the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, significantly decrease the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ (p < 0.05), and can also adjust carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism to normal levels, thus accelerating the recovery of intestinal flora structure of AAD mice. In summary, strain 2-33 can improve the structure and diversity of intestinal flora of AAD mice, balance the level of substance and energy metabolism, and play a positive role in relieving diarrhea, maintaining and improving the intestinal microecological balance.

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At present, there are few reports on bacterial diversity of Alxa white cashmere goat milk and its dairy products.The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in bacterial diversity and abundance of Alxa white cashmere goat milk and its dairy products (p < 0.05), The dominant bacteria phylum and dominant bacteria genus are changed when goat milk is made into traditional dairy products. In this study, we found that there were many unspecified bacterial genera in goat milk and its dairy products, which need to be further studied. In addition, the relative abundance of foodborne pathogenic bacteria generic such as Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Raoultella and Pseudomonas in dairy products decreased sharply, which provided a reference for the safety evaluation of goat milk and its dairy products. Prediction of bacterial gene function by PICRUSt2 software revealed that the main bacterial metabolic pathways in goat milk and dairy products were Global and overview maps, Carbohydrate metabolism and Amino acid metabolism, etc. This study shows that there are differences in the functions of metabolism-related genes in goat milk and dairy products, which further indicates that the functions of these major metabolic genes are closely related to probiotics in traditional dairy products. In summary, the results of this study not only have a certain understanding of the bacterial diversity in Alxa white cashmere goat milk and its dairy products, but also provide a reference for the study of probiotics, functional genes and safety evaluation in goat milk and its dairy products.

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The intestinal flora has a variety of physiological functions involved in the regulation of host metabolism, immunity and endocrinology, and plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the intestinal bacterial diversity and their gene functions in three equine species of the genus Shetland Pony (SP), Mongolian Wild Ass (MA), and Plain Zebra (PZ) in captivity in two wildlife parks in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The results showed that only the SP intestinal bacterial abundance index (Chao1) was significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) between the same species in the two wildlife parks, but neither the intestinal bacterial diversity index (Shannon) nor the community composition were significantly different (P &gt; 0.05). The bacterial abundance index (Chao1) was significantly higher in MA than SP (P &lt; 0.05) and highly significantly higher than PZ (P &lt; 0.01); the bacterial diversity index (Shannon) was higher in MA than PZ, but there was no significant difference, but both MA and PZ were significantly higher than SP (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the intestinal bacterial community composition was significantly different among the three equine species (P = 0.001). The dominant bacterial phyla for SP, MA, and PZ were Firmicutes and Bacteroidota; among them, the bacterial family with the highest relative abundance was Lachnospiraceae and the bacterial genus was Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group. Analysis of the metabolic gene functions of intestinal bacteria revealed that the highest relative abundance at Pathway level 2 was for global and overview maps; at Pathway level 3, the highest relative abundance was for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In sum, the intestinal bacterial community composition and diversity of the above three equine species differed significantly, but their metabolic gene functions were similar. Moreover, the results of this manuscript fill the gap in the study of intestinal bacterial diversity in SP, MA, and PZ. It also provides a reference for the study of the dominant bacteria in the intestinal microorganisms of these three equine species and the discovery of novel functional genes.