We investigated whether autoantibodies to CD69, one of the earliest markers of lymphocyte activation, exist in the sera of patients with systemic autoimmune disease. Serum samples were obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behcet’s disease, and were tested for the presence of anti-CD69 autoantibodies by ELISA and Western blotting using rCD69 fusion proteins. IgG-type autoantibodies to CD69 were detected in the sera of 38.3% of the RA patients, 14.5% of the systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and 4.0% of the patients with Behcet’s disease. Among those with RA, the anti-CD69 autoantibody-positive patients had a higher serum level of rheumatoid factors and a more accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate than the anti-CD69 autoantibody-negative patients. Further, the predominant epitope on the CD69 molecule to which most of the anti-CD69 autoantibody-positive serum samples exclusively reacted, was mapped at the C terminus of CD69. Of interest, this epitope is homologous to a stretch of amino acids in the protein sequence of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), which is a receptor for multiple ligands including β-very low density lipoprotein and is also an autoantigen responsible for Heymann nephritis in rats. The anti-CD69 autoantibody cross-reacted to LRP2 through the homologous amino acid sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of the existence of anti-CD69 autoantibodies. This autoantibody may modulate the function of CD69- and LRP2-expressing cells.

RAG-1(-/-) mice with innate immunity but no lymphocytes contain--but cannot clear--a bacterial sinus infection. Lymphocytes transferred to RAG-1(-/-) mice clear the infection. The sinus mucosa and draining lymph nodes show an increase in T cells generating IFN- gamma. These data demonstrate that T cells are essential in clearing an acute S. pneumoniae bacterial sinus infection.

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