With coordinated charging and discharging, electric vehicles (EVs) in smart car parks can be used as energy storage systems and a reserve against unexpected outrage. In this work, a modeling and control framework for EVs in a smart car park has been built up, which includes key factors such as the charging and discharging costs, the battery degradation cost, the driving probability, the feedin tariff (FIT), and the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) rebates. Each EVs' charging and discharging activities are scheduled through an optimization route with the purpose to minimize the car park electricity cost. Results from comprehensive simulation studies demonstrate the potential benefits of V2G for car park systems with multiple EVs subject to vehicle and battery characteristics, FIT and policy support.

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