Central composite design (CCD), utilized with three independent variables, verified that the optimal treatment conditions in bitter melon fruit were melatonin (MT) concentration of 120 µmol L−1, ethanol concentration of 6%, and immersing time of 10 min. Under optimal conditions, the experimental values of firmness, chilling injury (CI) index, and weight loss were shown as 27.81 N, 65.625%, and 0.815%, respectively. Moreover, the combined effect of MT and ethanol on CI and physiological quality in postharvest bitter melon fruit stored at 4 °C was investigated. It was found that the combined treatment contributed to the reduced CI symptoms and inhibited ion leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Moreover, higher levels of chlorophyll, total soluble solids (TSSs), soluble sugar, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid (AsA) were observed in comparison with the control group. Furthermore, the synthesis of total phenols and flavonoids in bitter melon was greatly promoted. Therefore, the combination of MT and ethanol could have the potential for alleviating CI and maintaining postharvest quality for the duration of cold storage.

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Background There have been a few studies regarding the pre-attack symptoms (PAS) and pre-episode symptoms (PES) of cluster headache (CH), but none have been conducted in the Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and features of PAS and PES in Chinese patients, as well as to investigate their relationships with pertinent factors. Methods The study included patients who visited a tertiary headache center and nine other headache clinics between January 2019 and September 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect general data and information about PAS and PES. Results Among the 327 patients who met the CH criteria (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition), 269 (82.3%) patients experienced at least one PAS. The most common PAS were head and facial discomfort (74.4%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis depicted that the number of triggers (OR = 1.798, p = 0.001), and smoking history (OR = 2.067, p = 0.026) were correlated with increased odds of PAS. In total, 68 (20.8%) patients had PES. The most common symptoms were head and facial discomfort (23, 33.8%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the number of triggers were associated with increased odds of PES (OR = 1.372, p = 0.005). Conclusions PAS are quite common in CH patients, demonstrating that CH attacks are not comprised of a pain phase alone; investigations of PAS and PES could help researchers better understand the pathophysiology of CH.