We present a Monte Carlo simulation program for the propagation of polarized photons in an anisotropic scattering model consisting of poly-dispersed spherical and infinite long cylindrical scatterers. The cylinders are aligned following a Gaussian distribution. Densities and sizes of the spherical and cylindrical scatterers, as well as the orientation of the cylinders are variables for the simulation of different anisotropic media. The good agreement between the simulation and experimental results of polarization imaging confirms the validity of the polarization-dependent Monte Carlo simulation program.

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Background: In the current climate of high-throughput computational biology, the inference of a protein's function from related measurements, such as protein-protein interaction relations, has become a canonical task. Most existing technologies pursue this task as a classification problem, on a term-by-term basis, for each term in a database, such as the Gene Ontology (GO) database, a popular rigorous vocabulary for biological functions. However, ontology structures are essentially hierarchies, with certain top to bottom annotation rules which protein function predictions should in principle follow. Currently, the most common approach to imposing these hierarchical constraints on network-based classifiers is through the use of transitive closure to predictions.

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Herein, high-temperature (over 200 C) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated and studied for the first time. Inorganic CsPbI 2 Br perovskite is used as absorber and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are directly used as the hole extraction electrode. Such device retains over 80% of its initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after heating at 200 C for 45 h, enabling its operation at high temperatures. By recording reverse and forward J-V curves at different temperatures (25-220 C), temperature coefficients of photovoltaic parameters are obtained. Compared with conventional high-temperature solar cells (Si, CuInGaSe, and GaAs), CsPbI 2 Br devices show superior V OC and FF temperature coefficients but inferior J SC temperature coefficients. As a result, PCE temperature coefficients of CsPbI 2 Br devices are superior over Si and CuInGaSe solar cells, and are comparable with those of GaAs solar cells. Meanwhile, the mitigation of charge accumulation at elevated temperatures results in a gradual decrease in J-V hysteresis. Therefore, this study may expand the application of PSCs into high-temperature fields, such as space exploration.