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This paper provides novel evidence for links between historic farming practices and current norms of cooperative behaviour. We hypothesise that the cooperation required in wetland rice farming gives rise to strong cultural norms of cooperativeness. We compare participants from prefecture cities that predominately practice wetland rice cultivation, to those from non-rice regions. A public goods game with and without punishment is the main measure for cooperative behaviour. Results indicate a strong and robust positive effect of wetland rice farming on cooperative behaviour and pro-social punishment. Complementary, consistent evidence from a natural field experiment and a survey further enriches our data.

Background The application of information technology in the medical industry is growing. The traditional face-to-face doctor–patient interaction has turned into an online doctor–patient interaction, particularly in the case of an epidemic outbreak. Online doctor–patient communication has become increasingly common. Text communication can no longer meet people’s new communication needs. The appearance of emoji compensates for the challenges in online doctor–patient interactions to convey nontext information, such as facial emoji, gestures and voice tones. Objective This study aimed to explore the impact of using emoji during online doctor–patient communication on users’ perception of the medical community by considering the moderating effect of demographics. Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted amongst 520 people from December 2021 to January 2022 by random sampling. The frequency, emoji use style and the users’ previous consultation experience score were used as the main independent variables in this study. The perceived effect of the user was adopted as the dependent variable. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. Result For the use frequency and style of emoji mentioned in this study, a significant difference exists between the preference of users who use emoji for a single time and those who use the same emoji continuously (P < 0.001), with the former showing a better performance than the latter. A significant difference exists between users who use open-style emoji and users who use neutral-style emoji (P < 0.001). The emoji perception effect of open style was better than that of neutral style. Users’ preference for emoji use is not affected regardless of whether they are platform users a platform is used (P > 0.05). Men and individuals under 30 are easily influenced by the use of emoji and the characteristics of emoji use. People (users) with educational attainment not higher than high school education tend to have preferences for the frequency of emoji use. Conclusion The characteristics of emoji use affected the perceived effect of online communication with doctors. Single use of emoji and relatively open style of emoji had a positive impact on the degree of acceptance of doctors’ information. Men and people under the age of 30 showed more expressive preferences for facial features than women and people over the age of 30. Therefore, doctors should properly use emoji for patients with different characteristics to help strengthen the communication between doctors and patients. Moreover, the online medical community should design diversified emoji for patients with different characteristics to provide personalized services.

In this paper, we seek to determine if auctions can be used to select players according to their level-k types. To do so, we embed auctions into the pbeauty contest game. We find that by using different designs, we can get the auction winners to be either the lower level-k types or the higher level-k types. In particular, when the value of winning the auction is increasing in the level-k types of all the players, higher level-k players bid higher. When the value of winning the auction is decreasing in the level-k types of all the players, the lower level-k players bid higher. Taken together, our experiment confirms that we can use auctions to select players by their level-k types. This shows that auctions can allow an economic designer to affect the outcome of a game through the selection of level-k types entering to play the game.