TiO2−x has a smaller forbidden band width, more abundant Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies, so as to obtain a better and more stable degradation effect of NOx in plasma-catalysis process.

In this work, we evaluated the enhancement effect on the extraction of Cu 2+ from water by introducing ultrasound and air disturbance in a spiral microchannel device. We used 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507) as an extractant and used kerosene as a solvent. The effects of flow rate, temperature, initial pH of water, organic/aqueous phase ratio (O/A), the concentration of extractant, and the inner diameter of the pipe on the extraction of Cu 2+ were investigated in liquid-liquid micro-extraction (LLME), ultrasonic micro-extraction (UME), and liquid-liquid-gas micro-extraction (LLGME). We found that, at a similar extraction rate, the extraction capacity per unit of time of UME was five times that of LLME, and the extraction capacity per unit of time of LLGME was 10 times that of LLME. By comparing the effects of three methods on extracting Cu 2+ , we followed the following priority order: LLGME > UME > LLME. The results of three-stage extraction under optimum conditions were also studied. The results revealed that the highest extraction rate of the three methods could reach about 92% with the processing time of 72 seconds under optimal conditions.

Reasonable mathematical derivation and mechanism model in the process of producing aluminum fluoride by fluosilicic acid is the key to the industrial treatment of fluorine resources in the tail gas of phosphate ore. In this work, aluminum fluoride was generated directly by fluosilicic acid to extract fluorine from the tail gas of phosphate rock. The uncreated-core model dominated by interfacial reaction and the uncreated-core model dominated by internal diffusion-reaction were then respectively utilized to describe the reaction kinetics of the generation of aluminum fluoride. The result showed that the uncreated-core model was dominated by interface reaction and internal diffusion, the apparent reaction order n = 1, and the activation energy Ea = 30.8632 kJ . mol–1. Product characterization and kinetic analysis were employed to deduce the reaction mechanism of preparing aluminum fluoride. The theoretical basis for the low-cost recycling of fluorine resources in the tail gas of industrial phosphate ore was provided in this work.