BackgroundProspective studies on the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and subclinical hyperthyroidism are limited. We, therefore, designed a large-scale cohort study to explore the association between H. pylori infection and the risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism in women.MethodsThis prospective cohort study investigated 2,713 participants. H. pylori infection was diagnosed with the carbon 13 breath test. Subclinical hyperthyroidism was defined as serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are low or undetectable but free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine concentrations are normal. Propensity score matching (PSM) analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association between H. pylori infection and subclinical hyperthyroidism.ResultsA total of 1,025 PS-matched pairs of H. pylori infection women were generated after PSM. During 6 years of follow-up, the incidence rate of subclinical hyperthyroidism was 7.35/1,000 person-years. After adjusting potential confounding factors (including iodine intake in food and three main dietary patterns score), the multivariable hazard ratio (HR; 95% confidence intervals) of subclinical hyperthyroidism by H. pylori infection was 2.49 (1.36, 4.56). Stratified analyses suggested a potential effect modification by age, the multivariable HR (95% confidence intervals) was 2.85 (1.45, 5.61) in participants aged ≥ 40 years and 0.70 (0.08, 6.00) in participants aged < 40 years (P for interaction = 0.048).ConclusionOur prospective study first indicates that H. pylori infection is significantly associated with the risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism independent of dietary factors among Chinese women, especially in middle-aged and older individuals.Clinical Trial Registration:https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000031137, identifier UMIN000027174.
Background: The tumour microenvironment (TME) is closely involved in the genesis and development of gastric carcinoma (GC). However, few studies have investigated the impact of sex on the dynamic modulation of immune and stromal components in the TME. Methods: In this review, we employed the CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms to analyse the ratio of tumour-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) and the number of immune and stromal components in 130 female and 218 male GC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. COX regression analysis and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were conducted to analyse the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Results: The results showed that the Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIa (FCGR2A) in females and GDNF family receptor alpha 1 (GFRA1) in males were predictive factors by intersection analysis of univariate COX and PPI. Moreover, FCGR2A was negatively correlated with the survival of female patients, while GFRA1 was positively related to the survival of male patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) demonstrated that genes in the FCGR2A high expression group were primarily enriched in the antigen processing and presentation pathway, while genes in the GFRA1 low expression group were primarily enriched in the cell cycle and DNA replication pathway. Furthermore, CIBERSORT analysis of the proportion of TICs demonstrated that M2 macrophages were positively correlated with FCGR2A expression. B cells, T cells, monocytes and macrophages were positively related to GFRA1 expression. Conclusions The levels of FCGR2A and GFRA1 might be utilized to outline the prognosis of female and male GC patients, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate the impact of sex on tumour progression and may facilitate the development of therapeutics for GC patients.
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