Detecting matter at a single-molecule level is the ultimate target in many branches of study. Nanosensors based on plasmonics have garnered significant interest owing to their ultrahigh sensitivity even at single-molecule level. However, currently, plasmonic-enhanced nanosensors have not achieved excellent performances in practical applications and their detection at femtomolar or attomolar concentrations remains highly challenging. Here we show a plasmonic sensing strategy, called buoyant plasmonic-particulate-based few-to-single particle-nanosensors. Large-sized floating particles combined with a slippery surface may prevent the coffee-ring effect and enhance the spatial enrichment capability of the analyte in plasmonic sensitive sites via the aggregation and lifting effect. Dimer and single particle-nanosensors demonstrate an enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a high fluorescence sensitivity with an enrichment factor up to an order of ∼104 and the limit of detection of CV molecules down to femto- or attomolar levels. The current buoyant particulate strategy can be exploited in a wide range of plasmonic enhanced sensing applications for a cost-effective, simple, fast, flexible, and portable detection.

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Aerosols, generated and expelled during common human physiological activities or medical procedures, become a vital carrier for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). During non-contact intraocular pressure measurements, aerosols can be produced from the tear film on eyes and potentially convey the SARS-CoV-2 in tears, creating a high risk for eye care practitioners and patients. Herein we numerically investigate deformation and fragmentation of the tear films with various thicknesses and surface tensions that are impinged by an air jet. Evolution of the tear films manifests several types of breakup mechanisms, including both the bag breakup and ligament breakup of tear film on the eyeball, the ligament breakup of tear film on the eyelid margin, and the sheet breakup near the eyelid margin. The sheet near the eyelid margin is critical for generating large droplets, and can be formed only if the jet velocity is high enough and the film is sufficiently thick. A criterion based on Weber number and capillary number is proposed for the breakup of tear film into droplets, in which three regions are used to classify the film evolution. Our results indicate that eyes with excessive tears have a greater probability of generating aerosols than eyes under normal conditions. We recommend that enhanced protections should be adopted upon measurement for the patients with watery eyes, and the time interval between two adjacent measurements for the same individual should be also prolonged during the COVID-19 pandemic.