BackgroundStripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici; Bgt) are important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Similar mechanisms and gene transcripts are assumed to be involved in the host defense response because both pathogens are biotrophic fungi. The main objective of our study was to identify co-regulated mRNAs that show a change in expression pattern after inoculation with Pst or Bgt, and to identify mRNAs specific to the fungal stress response.ResultsThe transcriptome of the hexaploid wheat line N9134 inoculated with the Chinese Pst race CYR 31 was compared with that of the same line inoculated with Bgt race E09 at 1, 2, and 3 days post-inoculation. Infection by Pst and Bgt affected transcription of 23.8% of all T. aestivum genes. Infection by Bgt triggered a more robust alteration in gene expression in N9134 compared with the response to Pst infection. An array of overlapping gene clusters with distinctive expression patterns provided insight into the regulatory differences in the responses to Bgt and Pst infection. The differentially expressed genes were grouped into seven enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways in Bgt-infected leaves and four pathways in Pst-infected leaves, while only two pathways overlapped. In the plant–pathogen interaction pathway, N9134 activated a higher number of genes and pathways in response to Bgt infection than in response to Pst invasion. Genomic analysis revealed that the wheat genome shared some microbial genetic fragments, which were specifically induced in response to Bgt and Pst infection.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings indicate that the responses of wheat N9134 to infection by Bgt and Pst shows differences in the pathways and genes activated. The mass sequence data for wheat–fungus interaction generated in this study provides a powerful platform for future functional and molecular research on wheat–fungus interactions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-898) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The non-protein-coding genes have been reported as a critical control role in the regulation of gene expression in abiotic stress. We previously identified four expressed sequence tags numbered S18 (EL773024), S73 (EL773035), S106 (EL773041) and S108 (EL773042) from a SSH-cDNA library of bread wheat Shaanmai 139 infected with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Here, we isolated four cDNA clones and referred them as TalncRNA18, TalncRNA73, TalncRNA106 and TalncRNA108 (GenBank: KC549675-KC549678). These cDNA separately consisted of 1,393, 667, 449 and 647 nucleotides but without any open reading frame. The alignment result showed that TalncRNA18 is a partial cDNA of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UPL1-like gene, TalncRNA73 is an antisense transcript of hypothetical protein, TalncRNA108 is a homolog to RRNA intron-encoded homing endonuclease, and lncRNA106 had no similarly sequence. Quantitative RT-PCR studies confirmed that these four lncRNAs were differentially expressed in three near isogenic lines. TalncRNA108 was significantly stepwise decreased at early stage of inoculation with Pst, while the others were upregulated, especially at 1 and 3 dpi (days post-inoculation). Using Chinese Spring nulli-tetrasomic lines and its ditelosomic lines, TalncRNA73 and TalncRNA108 were located to wheat chromosome 7A and the short arm of chromosome 4B, respectively, while TalncRNA18 and TalncRNA106 were located to chromosome 5B. Comparing the sequence of DNA and cDNA of four lncRNAs with polymerase chain reaction primers, the results showed that all of them have no introns. The kinetics analyses of lncRNAs expression as a result of pathogen challenge in immune resistant genotype indicated that they may play the roles of modulating or silencing the protein-coding gene into pathogen-defence response.

BackgroundStripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici; Bgt) are important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Increasingly evidences suggest that long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) are developmentally regulated and play important roles in development and stress responses of plants. However, identification of lincRNAs in wheat is still limited comparing with functional gene expression.ResultsThe transcriptome of the hexaploid wheat line N9134 inoculated with the Chinese Pst race CYR31 and Bgt race E09 at 1, 2, and 3 days post-inoculation was recapitulated to detect the lincRNAs. Here, 283 differential expressed lincRNAs were identified from 58218 putative lincRNAs, which account for 31.2 % of transcriptome. Of which, 254 DE-LincRNAs responded to the Bgt stress, and 52 lincRNAs in Pst. Among them, 1328 SnRNP motifs (sm sites) were detected and showed RRU4–11RR sm site element and consensus RRU1–9VU1–7RR SnRNP motifs, where the total number of uridine was more than 3 but less than 11. Additionally, 101 DE-lincRNAs were predicted as targets of miRNA by psRNATarget, while 5 target mimics were identified using target mimicry search in TAPIR.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings indicate that the lincRNA of wheat responded to Bgt and Pst stress and played important roles in splicesome and inter-regulating with miRNA. The sm site of wheat showed a more complex construction than that in mammal and model plant. The mass sequence data generated in this study provide a cue for future functional and molecular research on wheat–fungus interactions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2570-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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