Background/Aims: The effects of glycyrrhizin treatment in lung cancer remain undetermined, despite extensive studies of the anti-tumor activities of glycyrrhizin. Methods: Lung adenocarcinoma A549 and NCI-H23 cell lines were used in this study. Cell growth was examined by MTS assays, while apoptosis and cell cycle were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Both real-time PCR and western blotting were used to examine the expression levels of thromboxane synthase (TxAS), and TxAS activity was measured using EIA detection of the biosynthesis of TxA2. TxAS was overexpressed in NCI-H23 cells by transfection with TxAS cDNA, while TxAS was inhibited by transfection with TxAS siRNA in A549 cells. For the mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma, the effects of glycyrrhizin on tumor growth were analyzed by western blot evaluation of TxAS, PTEN and survivin. TxAS activity was determined by EIA assay. Results: Glycyrrhizin suppressed cell growth in A549 cells, but not in NCI-H23 cells, by induction of apoptosis. TxAS was overexpressed in A549 cells, but the TxAS levels in NCI-H23 cells were minimal. Moreover, TxAS expression and activity were suppressed by glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhizin had no additive effects with TxAS siRNA knockdown in suppressing A549 cell growth, whereas it completely suppressed cell growth of NCI-H23 cells transfected with TxAS cDNA. These results were further confirmed by the in vivo study. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the anti-tumor effect of glycyrrhizin in lung adenocarcinoma is, at least in part, TxAS-dependent. Therefore, glycyrrhizin is a promising anti-cancer agent for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.

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Abstract-As generalize of the hesitant fuzzy sets, intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy sets (IHFSs), which permits a memberships degree and a non-membership degree of an element to a given set, can be considered as a useful tool to express uncertain information in the human decision making process. Based on the traditional distance measures, such as Euclidean distance, Hamming distance, Hausdorff distance, and other generalized distance measures, in this paper, a variety of distance measures for intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy sets are proposed, based on which the corresponding similarity measures can be obtained. We investigate the connections of the aforementioned distance measures and further develop a number of intuitionistic hesitant ordered weighted distance measures. They can alleviate the influence of unduly large (or small) deviations on the aggregation results by assigning them low (or high) weights. A numerical example is provided to illustrate these distance and similarity measures.

In job market, there's an increased demand for application-oriented talents. Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) is an important model of practice teaching for the training of the application-oriented talents. The status of practice teaching is studied based on the characteristics of the Information Management and Information System (IMIS). Computer Supported Collaborative Learning is introduced to break the shackles of the traditional practice teaching. An effective open practice teaching method is stated. The method has more communication and cooperation.