Emergent resistance to antibiotics among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates is a severe problem worldwide. Antibiotic resistance profiles for S pneumoniae isolates identified from pediatric patients in mainland China remains to be established. The clinical features, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of S pneumoniae were retrospectively analyzed at 10 children's hospitals in mainland China in 2016. Among the collected 6132 S pneumoniae isolates, pneumococcal diseases mainly occurred in children younger than 5 years old (85.1%). The resistance rate of S pneumoniae to clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 95.8%, 95.2%, 93.6%, and 66.7%, respectively. The resistance rates of S pneumoniae to penicillin were 86.9% and 1.4% in non-meningitis and meningitis isolates, while the proportions of ceftriaxone resistance were 8.2% and 18.1%, respectively. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was administered to only 4.1% of patients. Penicillin and ceftriaxone resistance, underling diseases, antibiotic resistant risk factors, and poor prognosis appeared more frequently in invasive pneumococcal diseases. The incidence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 46.1% in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease which was more than in patients with non-invasive pneumococcal disease (18.3%). Patients with invasive pneumococcal disease usually have several MDR coexistence. S pneumoniae isolates showed high resistance to common antibiotics in mainland China. Penicillin and ceftriaxone resistance rate of invasive streptococcal pneumonia patients were significantly higher than that of non-invasive S pneumoniae patients. Alarmingly, 46.1% of invasive clinical isolates were multidrug resistant, so it is important to continued monitor the resistance of S pneumoniae when protein conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is coming in mainland China.

PurposeThis study made a systemic description for the CXCL1-dependent regulatory mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC).MethodsBioinformatics methods were applied to obtain target mRNA CXCL1 and corresponding upstream miRNA. qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to measure the levels of CXCL1 and miR-302e in CRC tissue and cells. Experiments including CCK-8, wound healing assay, Transwell invasion assay, and flow cytometry were conducted to assess cell biological behaviors. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was carried out for verification of the targeting relationship between CXCL1 and miR-302e. The inhibitor AG490 of JAK-STAT signaling pathway was used to identify the functional mechanism of CXCL1/JAK-STAT underlying progression of CRC, and tumor xenograft experiments were performed for further validation.ResultsCXCL1 was highly expressed in CRC tissue and cells, while miR-302e was poorly expressed. Silencing CXCL1 or overexpressing miR-302e could lead to inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, invasion but promotion of cell apoptosis of CRC. Besides, CXCL1 was identified as a direct target of miR-302e, and CXCL1 could reverse the effect of miR-302e on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Furthermore, CXCL1 functioned on CRC cell biological behaviors via activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway.ConclusionCXCL1 could be regulated by miR-302e to inactivate JAK-STAT signaling pathway, in turn affecting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of CRC. Our result provides a potential therapeutic target for CRC treatment.

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The study was performed in 36 Chinese patients with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) encephalitis and 141 patients with EV71-related hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) without encephalitis. Genotyping was determined by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism. Patients with EV71 encephalitis had a significantly higher frequency of interleukin-8 (IL-8)-251TT genotype than patients with EV71-related HFMD without encephalitis (55.6% vs 31.2%, p = 0.023). The frequency of IL-8-251T alleles was significantly higher among patients with EV71 encephalitis than in patients with EV71-related HFMD without encephalitis (72.2% vs 58.9%, odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.0-3.2, p = 0.038). There were significant differences in gender, age, fever days, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and blood glucose concentration and IL-8 levels among genotypes of IL-8-251A/T in EV71-infected patients, but no significant differences in alanine or aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase-myocardial isozyme and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with EV71 encephalitis. These findings suggest that the IL-8-251T allele is associated with susceptibility to EV71 encephalitis in Chinese patients.

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