Macrophages and resident microglia play an import role in the secondary neuroinflammation response following spinal cord injury. Reprogramming of macrophage/microglia polarization is an import strategy for spinal cord injury restoration. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive treatment that has been widely used in neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the influence of low-level laser on polarization of macrophage/microglia following spinal cord injury remains unknown. The present study applied low-level laser therapy on a crush spinal cord injury rat model. Using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and western blot assays, we found that low-level laser therapy altered the polarization state to a M2 tendency. A greater number of neurons survived in the pare injury site, which was accompanied by higher BBB scores in the LLLT group. Furthermore, low-level laser therapy elevated expression of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 13 (IL-13). Results from this study show that low-level laser therapy has the potential for reducing inflammation, regulating macrophage/microglia polarization, and promoting neuronal survival. These beneficial effects demonstrate that low-level laser therapy may be an effective candidate for clinical treatment of spinal cord injury.

8-Gingerol is one of the principal components of ginger, which is widely used in China and elsewhere as a food, spice and herb. It shows immunosuppressive activity on the immune responses to ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. In the present study, we found that 8-gingerol suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation in vitro. In vivo, 8-gingerol not only significantly suppressed Con A-, LPS- and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation (P < 0.05) but also decreased the percentage of CD19+ B cells and CD3+ T cell (P < 0.05) at high doses (50, 100 mg/kg). Moreover, OVA-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b levels in OVA-immunized mice were reduced by 8-gingerol at doses of 50, 100 mg/kg. These results suggest that 8-gingerol could suppress humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. The mechanism might be related to direct inhibition of sensitized T and B lymphocytes.

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Florfenicol is a new type of broad-spectrum antibacterial that has been used in veterinary clinics. It showed immunosuppressive activity on the immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O in mice. In the present study, BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with FMDV serotype O antigen on days 1 and 14. Beginning on day 21, mice were treated with a single daily oral dose of florfenicol (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. On day 28, blood samples were collected to analyze FMDV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, and IgG2b antibodies, and splenocytes were harvested to assess lymphocyte proliferation, CD3(+) T- and CD19(+) B-lymphocyte subsets. The results presented here demonstrated that florfenicol not only significantly suppressed concanavalin A-, lipopolysaccharide-induced splenocyte proliferation but also decreased the percentage of CD19(+) B-cells in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed CD3(+) T-cell at high doses. Moreover, FMDV-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody levels in FMDV-immunized mice were reduced by florfenicol. These results suggested that florfenicol could suppress humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in mice.

Preoperative oestrogen therapy may improve the short-term prognosis of intrauterine adhesions, but evidence of an effect on subsequent reproductive outcomes is insufficient. The quality of evidence was moderate to very low for all outcomes. More strictly designed studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of oestrogen administration before hysteroscopic adhesiolysis.