Although remifentanil and dexmedetomidine both enabled hypotensive anesthesia and good intraoperative fields for endoscopic sinus surgery, recovery was faster with remifentanil than with dexmedetomidine in the immediate postoperative period.

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performance and commercialization of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. [9,10] Furthermore, searching for bifunctional electrocatalysts for both ORR and OER is critically important for the development of electrochemical devices, especially for rechargeable metal-air batteries. Platinum (Pt) and Pt-based materials are the most efficient ORR catalysts, while ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) and iridium oxide (IrO 2 ) are considered as the best electrocatalysts for OER. [11,12] However, the use of these noble metal materials is limited because of their high cost and scarcity. To make matters worse, the efficiency of Pt or RuO 2 / IrO 2 for ORR and OER simultaneously is very poor; this is the case because Pt is only active for ORR (but inactive for OER) while RuO 2 /IrO 2 is only active for OER (but inactive for ORR). [13] Therefore, extensive research efforts have been taken to develop non-noble metal and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts toward both ORR and OER.In this respect, many kinds of bifunctional electrocatalysts have been investigated, such as alloys of Pt and Ir/Ru catalysts, toward ORR and OER. [14][15][16] However, the high cost of noble metals limits their large-scale applications in electrochemical energy devices. However, earth-abundant conductive carbon materials and their derivatives, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), can replace noble metal alloys for practical applications in electrochemical energy devices. Recently, heteroatom B-and N-doped carbon materials showed the possibility of simultaneous OER and ORR activity. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, obtaining OER activity on heteroatom-doped carbon materials is still challenging because of the low catalytic activity of water splitting; additionally, although the ORR activity can match commercial Pt/C catalysts, it suffers from poor stability. [28,29] In order to address this challenge, composites of transition metals, including cobalt oxide/cobalt sulphide and carbon materials, have been proposed to actively catalyze OER with low overpotentials. [30][31][32] Moreover, a metal-doped transition metal oxide on graphene has also been shown to be a good electrocatalyst toward OER. [33][34][35][36] However, developing carbon-based electrocatalysts toward ORR and OER is still challenging due to the instability of transition metals and the nonintimate contact between the conductive carbonaceous materials and the doping/decorated active material. [37] Improving the electrochemical performance of both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been of great interest in emerging renewable energy technologies. This study reports an advanced bifunctional hybrid electrocatalyst for both ORR and OER, which is composed of tungsten disulphide (WS 2 ) and carbon nanotube (CNT) connected via tungsten carbide (WC) bonding. WS 2 sheets on the surface of CNTs provide catalytic active sites for electrocatalytic activity while the CNTs act as conduction channels and provide a large surface area. Moreover,...

To target mitigation of anti-site defect formation in Cu2ZnSnS4-xSex, a new class of chalcogenides, for which Ba or Sr (group 2) replace Zn (group 12), has recently been introduced for...