Concrete structures are becoming more and more sophisticated and submitted to severe conditions, for example: high stresses and temperatures, cyclic loadings, earthquakes, etc. It is therefore necessary to simulate correctly the behaviour and damage of such structures. However, the behaviour of this material is among the most complex ones: various phenomena are observed experimentally, such as, loss of stiffness, irreversible strains, stiffness recovery and dissymmetric behaviour to mention a few. If all these effects are taken into consideration, it would lead to models that use numerous parameters. In this paper, a framework for damage mechanics of concrete is presented and used to simulate the nonlinear behaviour of concrete using finite element method (FEM). A relatively simple isotropic damage model, containing essentially no adjustable parameters is shown to produce results in remarkably good agreement with experimental results. Indeed, the damage law requires only the fracture energy to be completely defined. A special form of damage surfaces is constructed to illustrate the application of the model. A new damage criterion, defined as an equivalent strain norm, is proposed to take into consideration the dissymmetric behaviour of concrete. To verify the FEM program including the model, the predicted deformations are compared with experimental results and results from other nonlinear constitutive models.Résumé : Les structures en béton deviennent de plus en plus sophistiquées et sont soumises à des conditions sévères : de contraintes et de températures élevées, de chargements cycliques, séismes, etc. Il est donc nécessaire de simuler correctement le comportement et l'endommagement de telles structures. Cependant, le comportement de ce matériau est parmi les plus complexes; divers phénomènes sont observés lors d'expériences, tels qu'une perte de raideur, des défor-mations permanentes, une restauration de la raideur et un comportement dissymétrique, pour n'en citer que quelquesuns. Le fait de tenir compte de tous ces effets conduit à des modèles utilisant de nombreux paramètres. Le présent article présente le cadre de la mécanique de l'endommagement et son utilisation pour simuler le comportement non linéaire du béton par la méthode des éléments finis. On montre qu'un modèle d'endommagement isotrope, relativement simple ne comportant essentiellement aucun paramètre ajustable, produit des résultats avec une très bonne corrélation avec les résultats expérimentaux. En, effet la loi de comportement ne nécessite que l'énergie de rupture pour être complètement définie. Une forme particulière de surface d'endommagement est construite pour illustrer l'application du modèle. Un nouveau critère d'endommagement, défini comme une norme de la déformation équivalente, est proposé pour tenir compte du comportement dissymétrique du béton. Pour vérifier le programme des éléments finis, incluant ce modèle, les déformations prévues sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux et aux résultats provenant d'autres modèles constitutif...
A theoretical model is presented suitable for the description of the damaging process in brittle materials. The model is based on damage mechanics: it features two second order symmetric damage tensors, representative of surface damage induced by tensile and compressive strains activates at different orientations to the principal strain directions, according to the sign of the principal strain which attains a damage threshold, and a scalar variable representative of volumetric damage. In this model, two separate damage variables, one for tension and the other for compression, allow to model the non-symmetric behaviour and the unilateral effect. Damage activation is governed by two different loading functions evolving with nonreciprocal hardening and softening. The capabilities of the model in describing the mechanical response of material elements subjected to non-proportional stresses are illustrated.
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