“…The model is capable of representing the opening and closing of cracks using element properties such as the compressive and tensile strength, and fracture energy. Some researchers such as Gunn [13], Valliappan et al [14], Sumarac et al [15], Labadi and Hannachi [16], Contrafatto and Cuomo [17], Grassl and Jirasek [18], Khan et al [19] and Mirzabozorg et al [20], applied damage mechanics to study behaviour of concrete. Also, Ardakanian et al [21] considered nonlinear seismic behaviour of mass concrete in 3D analysis based on an anisotropic damage mechanics model.…”