A total of 2318 domestic samples of different types of fruits and vegetables were collected from eight Egyptian local markets in six different regions of the country. All samples were examined for residues of 54 pesticides, including organophosphorus, organonitrogen, organohalogen and certain pyrethroides. However, dithiocarbamates were analysed in only 318 samples. Overall, 81.5% of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues. Of the contaminated samples, 18.5% contained detectable residues and 1.9% exceeded their maximum residue limits (MRLs). Root and leafy vegetables showed the lowest contamination rates (1.9 and 4.7%, respectively), slightly exceeding the MRLs in leafy vegetables. However, fruit samples showed a slightly higher proportion of contamination than vegetables (29 and 14.3%, respectively). Fruit also exhibited a higher level of violation than vegetables (2.3 and 1.9%, respectively). The contamination and violation rates were lower than the percentages recorded in previous years' monitoring studies. Dicofol and dimethoate were the most frequently occurring pesticide residues at 5.1 and 5.0%, respectively. Dimethoate showed higher violation levels (0.69%). However, dicofol showed a slight violation rate (0.09%) which indicates good agricultural practices for dicofol use. Dithiocarbamates residues were found in 21 of the 318 samples analysed, which when expressed as a percentage contamination was 6.6%, and only one sample exceeded the MRL.

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A monitoring study of pesticide residues was carried out in Egypt 2010.A 225 samples of different types of fruits and vegetables collected from nine Egyptian local markets located in nine governorates. All samples were examined for residues of 80 pesticides. Overall, results showed that 57.3% of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues, however, 39.1% contained detectable residues without violation, of which 3.6% contained residues that exceeded maximum residue limits (MRLs). Watermelon, banana, mango, cauliflower and potatoes samples were free from pesticide residues. The vegetables samples recorded the highest contamination percentage without exceeding of the levels of MRL' (i.e. 53.2%), followed by fruits (i.e.50.7%), and the leafy vegetables had the lowest percentage (i.e. 29.8%). In contrary, data showed that the leafy vegetables recorded the highest violation % (i.e. 8.5%), followed by fruits (i.e. 2.9%), and vegetables (i.e. 0.01%). The violated samples were apricot, grape, green peas, lettuce, molokhia and watercress. The violated compounds were cypermethrin and dithiocarbamates. The highest frequently detected pesticide was dithiocarbamates, followed by chloropyrifos, lambadacyhalothrin, profenofos, ethion cypermethrin, fenopropathrin, malathion, chloropyrifosmethyl, dimethoate, diniconazol, dicofol and bromopropylate. However, the lowest frequently detected pesticides, which detected only one time, were phenothoate, malaoxon, imazalil, penconazole, permethrin, chlorfenapyr, iprodione, diazinon and procymidone. The dietary exposures of the most frequently detected pesticides were theoretically calculated to evaluate the risk for Egyptian consumer. As shown by the results, the intake of pesticide residues does not exceed the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) in any case. It is found to be below 15% of the ADI for all pesticides. The estimated exposure ranges from 0.00025% of the ADI for malathion on each of molokhia and spinach to 14.6% of the ADI for the ethion on tomato.

Dioxin like-polychlorinated biphenyls are unintentionally produced ubiquitous, persistent organic pollutants. The main source of human exposure to the compounds is food of animal origin because bioaccumulation in food chains. Extraction of dairy products by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) technique for milk but extraction of other dairy products such as cheese was by soxhlet technique. In addition, clean samples after extracting the fat from dairy product samples by three-column chromatographyies, which include multi-layer silica, alumina column and then the third phase of the chromatographic column, is carbon. Method of analysis for determination of "dioxin-like PCBs"-show high toxicological properties that are similar to dioxins-in dairy products by high-resolution gas chromatography/ high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Results were development of reliable and validated analytical method for dairy products, which recognized to be good indicator of environmental exposure for persistent organic pollutants. The method performance was tested for four non-ortho PCB congeners (PCB 77, 81,126, and 169) and eight mono-ortho PCB congeners (105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167, and 189) with good average recovery (via 13 C12-labelled PCB internal standard) of the twelve PCB congeners for dairy products at level 40 ng/kg varies between 99-109 %. The trueness of a measurement method for dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls in dairy product such as cheese where the results demonstrated satisfaction z-scores within range of ±2 for sum non-ortho-PCB was-0.85, and for sum mono-ortho-PCB-0.74. The reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation percent was less than 22.6 % and the measured uncertainty including random and systemic error (on 95% confidence level) was less than 40%.