The application of capacitive energy storage devices in the electric starting systems for automobile internal combustion engines is considered, when instead of a standard battery, a battery of a smaller capacity is used, and in the remainder of the standard battery volume, the energy storage device is mounted. In this case, at the high specific indicators of the energy storage device, the reliability of the engine start can be increased with the same total volume and mass of the electric starting systems at low temperatures. The paper presents a methodology for a determination the parameters of the battery and the energy storage device which are connected in parallel for the electric starting systems, in the case when the type of internal combustion engine and its main parameters are specified, as well as the type of the starter motor and its characteristics. The conducted theoretical investigations made it possible to obtain the dependence of the required mechanical energy for starting the internal combustion engine from the value of the capacity of the energy storage device, as a result of which the required capacity of the energy storage device and its internal resistance, its initial energy, as well as its necessary volume and mass are determined. The volume and mass of battery can be determined from the reference literature or under certain methods for the specific energy of battery by volume and mass. If the ratio of the total volume of the battery and the energy storage device to the volume of the battery is less than unity, then at the given starting frequency of rotation, the usage of the energy storage device is reasonable, due to the reduction of the total volume of the electric starting systems. Similar calculations are conducted for other values of the average starting frequency of rotation. The optimal parameters of the battery and the energy storage device are in which the total volume will be minimal. The parameters of the electric starting systems with the energy storage device and the battery for the VAZ automobile engine with M6z/10G1 engine oil were calculated at a temperature of -20°C with a starter 35.3708 and the gear ratio of the drive gear 11,62. The results of the calculations are shown that for a specific energy of the energy storage device 1 Jcm3 at all starting rotational speeds, the usage of the energy storage device does not allow to reduce the total volume of the energy storage device and the battery in comparison with the volume of the battery required for scrolling the internal combustion engine shaft with this starting frequency.

 ñòàòüå ðàññìîòðåí ïðèíöèï ðàáîòû àäàïòåðà äëÿ âûðàâíèâàíèÿ íàïðÿaeåíèé (ïàññèâíîãî ìåòîäà) äëÿ Li-Ion àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè, ñìîäåëèðîâàííîãî â ïðîãðàììå Simulink, ïðèâåäåíû õàðàêòåðèñòèêè óñòðîéñòâà, ïîëó÷åííûå â ðåçóëüòàòå ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ, à òàêaeå ïðåäñòàâëåí ñïîñîá çàäàíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ÿ÷ååê áàòàðåè ñ ðàñ÷åòíûìè êîýôôèöèåíòàìè. Ðàññìîòðåíû äâà ìåòîäà âûðàâíèâàíèÿ íàïðÿaeåíèÿ íà ÿ÷åéêàõ àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè. Ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç ýòèõ ìåòîäîâ, âûÿâëåíû èõ ïðåèìóùåñòâà è íåäîñòàòêè. Ðàçðàáîòàíà ìîäåëü àäàïòåðà íàïðÿaeåíèé ïàññèâíûì ìåòîäîì â ïðîãðàììå Simulink ñ Li-Ion àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðååé, ñîñòîÿùåé èç 4-õ ÿ÷ååê. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû íàçíà÷åíèÿ è çàäà÷è òðåáóåìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ñ ïîäðîáíûì îïèñàíèåì çàêëàäîê. Îïðåäåëåíû ðàçðÿäíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç ðàáîòû öåïåé çàðÿäà-ðàçðÿäà àêêóìóëÿòîðíûõ áàòàðåé ïîä óïðàâëåíèåì ñèëîâûõ êëþ÷åé ñ îïèñàíèåì ïîäñèñòåì. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû àëãîðèòìû ðàáîòû ïÿòè ïîäñèñòåì ìîäåëè, óïðàâëÿþùèõ çàðÿäîì è ðàçðÿäîì áàòàðåè. Ðàçðàáîòàíà ëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñõåìà, îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ óñëîâèÿ íà÷àëà è îêîí÷àíèÿ ðàáîòû àäàïòåðà, îòâå÷àþùàÿ çà åãî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå, ïðèâîäèòñÿ åå îïèñàíèå. Ïðè äîñòèaeåíèè îäíîé èç ÿ÷ååê áàòàðåè ñðåäíåãî óðîâíÿ íàïðÿaeåíèÿ, øóíòèðóþùèé åå ðåçèñòîð îòêëþ÷àåòñÿ.  ðåçóëüòàòå íàïðÿaeåíèå âîçðàñòåò è êîãäà ñíîâà ïðåâûñèò ñðåäíèé óðîâåíü, øóíòèðóþùèé ðåçèñòîð ñíîâà ïîäêëþ÷èòñÿ. Äàëåå öèêë ïîâòîðèòñÿ. Àäàïòåð íàïðÿaeåíèÿ âêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ìîìåíò íà÷àëà ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ è ðàáîòàåò íåñêîëüêî öèêëîâ.  ðåçóëüòàòå ðàáîòû àäàïòåðà ðàçáðîñ âûõîäíûõ íàïðÿaeåíèé ÿ÷ååê ñíèaeåòñÿ è óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ äëèòåëüíîñòü èõ ðàçðÿäà. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû îñöèëëîãðàììû çíà÷åíèÿ íàïðÿaeåíèé è òîêîâ â öåïè àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè, ïîëó÷åííûå â ðåçóëüòàòå ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ. Ðàçðàáîòàííûé àäàïòåð ïîçâîëÿåò â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè ñíèçèòü ðàçáðîñ ñòåïåíè çàðÿäà íà ÿ÷åéêàõ àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè (ñ 45 % äî 0,2 %) ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíîì óâåëè÷åíèè ðàçðÿäà (ñ 27 ìèíóò äî 57 ìèíóò). Ïðåäñòàâëåííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ãîâîðÿò î äîñòàòî÷íîé ñõîäèìîñòè ïàðàìåòðîâ ðåàëüíûõ àêêóìóëÿòîðíûõ ÿ÷ååê è èõ ìîäåëåé â Simulink. Íà îñíîâàíèè ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ áûëè ñôîðìóëèðîâàíû òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ïàññèâíîìó àäàïòåðó íàïðÿaeåíèé. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: àäàïòåð íàïðÿaeåíèé àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè, âûðàâíèâàþùèå ðåçèñòîðû, ëèòèé-èîííàÿ áàòàðåÿ, ìîäåëü Simulink, çàðÿäíûå/ðàçðÿäíûå êðèâûå.

The article contains the results of experimental research of the electrical starting system with batteries and the capacitive energy storage devices of various types for internal combustion engines. The estimation of electrical starting systems efficiency while using energy storage at low temperatures was made.

This article provides a comparative analysis of various energy storage devices. A detailed review and analysis of molecular energy storage units is carried out, their main characteristics and parame-ters, as well as their application areas, are determined. The main types of molecular energy storage are determined: electric double layer capacitors, pseudo capacitors, hybrid capacitors. Comparison of the characteristics of various batteries is given. The parameters of various energy storage devices are presented. The analysis of molecular energy storage devices and accumulators is carried out. Ttheir advantages and disadvantages are revealed. It has been shown that molecular energy storage or double layer electrochemical capacitors are ideal energy storage systems due to their high specific energy, fast charging and long life compared to conventional capacitors. The article presents oscillograms of a lithium-ion battery with a voltage of 10.8 V at a pulsed load current of 2A of a laptop with and without a molecular energy storage device, as well as oscil-lograms of a laptop with DVD lithium-ion battery with a voltage of 10.8 V with a parallel shutdown of a molecular energy storage device with a capacity of 7 F and without it. The comparative analysis shows that when the molecular energy storage unit with a 7 F capacity is switched on and off, transient processes are significantly improved and there are no supply voltage dips. The dependenc-es of the operating time of a 3.6 V 600 mAh lithium-ion battery at a load of 2 A for powering mo-bile cellular devices with and without a molecular energy storage are given. It is shown that when the molecular energy storage device is switched on, the battery operation time increases by almost 20%.

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