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Background: Diabetes mellitus is not only a chronic metabolic disorder but also an inflammatory one. Antidiabetic drugs are required to address both these entities to reduce the micro-and macro-complications associated with diabetes. Some of the incretin-based drugs have been shown to have decreased inflammatory markers. The studies on inflammatory models are very less. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate anti-inflammatory activities of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, and teneligliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in experimental acute and subacute models of inflammation and also to evaluate their interactions with ibuprofen, a standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Materials and Methods: Carrageenan-induced paw edema to assess edema in acute anti-inflammatory action and cotton pellet-induced granuloma method to assess granuloma dry weight of liraglutide and teneligliptin in rats. Results: Liraglutide did not show anti-edema and anti-granuloma activity but potentiated the anti-granuloma effect of ibuprofen. Teneligliptin showed only anti-granuloma effect and potentiated both anti-edema and anti-granuloma activities of ibuprofen. Conclusion: Liraglutide and teneligliptin individually have variable anti-inflammatory activities, and they also have variable ibuprofen potentiating action. They have potentiated the subacute anti-inflammatory of ibuprofen by their anti-granuloma effect.

Background: Antiallergic drugs are widely prescribed in allergic rhinitis (AR). Antihistamines and antileukotrienes are effective only in providing symptomatic relief of allergic symptoms, often used as fixed dose combinations (FDC) of both. Controversial reports regarding their efficacy in AR, when used alone or in their combined preparations, prompted the present study. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the anti-allergic effect of ebastine, montelukast, and their FDC on the subjective nasal and extranasal symptoms in mild-to-moderate persistent AR (PAR) patients. Materials and Methods: Mild-to-moderate PAR patients divided into three groups to receive drugs ebastine, montelukast, and their combined preparation for 3 weeks. Their efficacy was measured by total five nasal symptoms scoring system, AM, and PM symptom scores. The treatment was withdrawn in the last week, to assess the persisting anti-allergic action of treatment drugs. Results: When compared to baseline values, all the treatment groups showed a significant decrease in the total mean score of allergic symptoms. Ebastine and its combination with montelukast significantly decreased both AM and PM mean scores, but montelukast did only for PM mean score. Among three compared groups, ebastine and its combined preparation with montelukast were found significant in reducing total and AM symptoms. Conclusion: All 3 groups showed anti-allergic effects in a variable manner. Montelukast controlled daytime symptoms better. Ebastine and its combination with montelukast controlled allergic symptoms to a similar extent.

Background: Pain and inflammation are disabling accompaniments of many medical conditions. So, controlling both pain and inflammation assumes the top priority for the physician. Inflammation is a part of a complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, chemicals or irritants. Therapy of pain and inflammation has always been debatable. Methods: Rats were divided into 8 groups of 6 animals of each. The antiinflammatory activity was studied with carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. The analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy's hot plate model. The aqueous extract of Rubia cardifolia root and Cassia fistula leaf preparations were compared with Diclofenac in both acute and sub acute inflammatory models and also in pain model. Results: Various test result parameters were statistically analysed at P value <0.5. In Eddy's hot plate model both RC and CF preparations prolonged the response reaction time, while CF preparation showed longer reaction time than that of RC preparation. In carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models, both RC and CF preparations showed significant decrease in paw edema volume and granuloma dry weight respectively, but less than that of Diclofenac. RC preparation found to have dose dependant in inflammatory models. Conclusions: RC root and CF leaf preparations were compared head to head and they have been found to have significant dose dependant analgesic activity and dose independent acute and sub acute anti inflammatory activities. Though CF leaf preparation appeared to be a good analgesic than RF root preparation, but failed to do so as an anti inflammatory agent in both inflammatory models. But both test preparations were not equivalent to Diclofenac in all three models.

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most commonly used drugs across the globe and they are also available over the counter for minor symptoms of pain and inflammation. Their toxicity profile limits their continued usage and search is continuing for the better effective and safer agent.Methods: Interaction of paracetamol with diclofenac, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid were studied on carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. Potentiation of these NSAIDs by paracetamol was also studied on same models.Results: Addition of paracetamol did not increase anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid in both acute and subacute models of inflammation. Paracetamol found to potentiate the ibuprofen action in anti-inflammatory model where as in subacute inflammatory model diclofenac action was potentited.Conclusions: Our study does not support the rationality of various fixed dose combination of NSAIDs with paracetamol available in market. Either NSAIDs to be used individually or their dose need to be decreased in fixed dose combination.