The erosion-prone zone is characterised by nearshore sand formed by the combined action of tides, wind, and recurring waves crashing on the beach. By running perpendicular to the coastline and bathymetry, 51 cross-shore sections were chosen from a total of 54 to study longshore transport along the beaches of Kelantan and Terengganu. The hydrodynamic model was used to determine water level, current speed, and spectral density, while the Spectral Wave Model and LitDrift were used to construct boundary wave variables and Net Transport across each sector. The model output was compared to previously published erosion-prone zones in the NCES Report (2015), and the results were agreed. The net transfer varies based on the angle of the coastline, the direction of the waves, and the beach profile. The net transport ranges from -693,000 m3/year to 444,000 m3/year depending on the beach profile, wave direction, and angle of the coastline. Net transit for each section was also calculated for 2030, 2050, and 2100, taking into consideration sea level rise. The most recent IPCC assessment (AR6) was applied to generate SLR forecasts for year 2030, 2050, and 2100. According to the statistics, all sections are expected to increase in year 2030, whereas only 53% and 67% are expected to develop in year 2050 and 2100, respectively. From 2030 to 2050 and 2100 to 2020, total net transport along the Kelantan and Terengganu beaches grows by 9.5%, 10%, and 4.5%, respectively.Net transportation is expected to grow until 2050, then steadily decline until 2100. However, by using a better anticipated wave model, the results of this inquiry can be improved.
Constant wave runup and overtopping during monsoon coupled with storm-surge events have poses threat to the coastal’s community in flooding and land loss. The study was to further the research on the wave interaction issue using the modified NAHRIM Coastal Protection and Expansion (NEXC) block. The aim was to determine the significant relationship prediction model from the experiment variables due to water level changes. The study was conducted in 30 m long, 2 m height, and 1.5 m width of wave flume using gamma 3.30 of wave height JONSWAP spectrum under 1:15 and 1:8 mobile bed scenarios. Parameters were downscaled to 1:10 and based on Peninsular Malaysia’s east coast hydrodynamics conditions. 36 different test scenarios were simulated every 20 minutes with three repetitions, enables 108 samples to be retrieved. Using statistical tools, correlation tests between the variables in the experiment results indicates wave runup, significant wave height and overtopping discharges are strongly correlated to the bed gradient and smooth-slope NEXC block. Changes in water level from shallow to deep, mild to steep mobile bed gradient with 30° to 60° block affect the relationship Hs-q decrease while Ru2%-q positively increase. Overtopping was not directly affected by water level but positively affected on wave runup and negatively to significant wave height. The fitted relationship design model using a General Full Factorial method was verified with 0.338069 of standard error and 98.12 % of R-square. Finally, the significant relationship predictive model was obtained to have 26 interaction terms in the model successful.
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