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Abstract. This article contains: • Structural-logical scheme and analytical description of the differential diagnosis for aseptic and septic loosening after total hip replacement using the methods of differential Mueller-matrix mapping of circular birefringence (CB) distributions of polycrystalline synovial fluid (SF) films. • Statistical analysis of the distributions of CB in polycrystalline SF films obtained from patients in the control group and groups with different hip joint pathology. • Results of establishing the strength of the differential Mueller-matrix mapping method of the distributions of CB polycrystalline films of SF by means of information analysis based on sensitivity determination, specificity and accuracy of the polarization tomography technique. • Clinical example of using polarization tomography methods to differentiate aseptic and septic cup loosening after total hip replacement