Since the old times, seeds producing plants have played a vital role in the progress of human culture to treat diseases. Medicinal plants are used traditionally by the local communities to treat diseases. Recently, a report has shown that more than 250,000 flowering plant species are available globally. Scientists are continuously working on higher plants to help and understand plant poisonousness and to defend humans and animals from natural toxins. A plant`s toxicity and its medical use are dependent on the plant's volatile phytochemicals. Thymus vulgaris L is a common aromatic plant used widely as a folk medicine to treat various diseases by different ethnic communities around the globe including the Sultanate of Oman. Previous studies in Oman showed that the selected plant species contains several groups of phytochemicals such as essential oils and secondary metabolic compounds they can enhance their biological and toxicological activities. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to explore the volatile phytochemicals, biological and toxicological features of Thymus vulgaris grown in Oman. The results can be helpful for discovering new drugs to treat asthma, cough, chronic bronchitis and other infectious diseases. In conclusion, this review provides information on the volatile phytochemicals, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of the selected plant species.

Backgrounds: Syzygium aromaticum L (S. aromaticum, clove) is a plant species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. It is cultivated in many African and Asian countries. Folk medicine practitioners use different parts of this plant to treat gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, dental pain, ulcer, and other chronic diseases. Experimental data on phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of this plant are scattered or unsystematic. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the available data on phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of S. aromaticum essential oil and extracts with various polarities. Materials & Methods:The literature review showed that only a few studies were conducted on this plant; consequently, there is not enough documented information about its bioactive phytochemicals and pharmacological activities. Findings: Most previous studies reviewed reported significant bioactive phytochemical contents, namely eugenol (49.7%), caryophyllene (18.9%), benzene, and 1-ethyl-3-nitro (11.1%), along with minor amounts of phytochemicals including carotenoids, gallic acid, flavonoids, oxalic acid, tannins, amino acids, fatty acids, and cyanidin glycoside. Sugars, coumarins, oleanolic acid, saponins, glycosides, and lipids were also identified in this species. The methanol extract of this plant and its different polar fractions were shown to exhibit significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-allergic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Furthermore, the plant extracts were also shown to have chemoprotective and hepatoprotective properties. Conclusion:This review provides comprehensive data on botanical aspects, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of this plant to researchers to explore traditional/ medicinal uses and commercial drug production from S. aromaticum.