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Lanthanum substituted Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5LaxFe1-xO4; 0.00 ≤x≤ 1.00) synthesized by sol-gel method were presented. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the typical single phase spinel cubic ferrite structure, with the traces of secondary phase for lanthanum substituted nanocrystals. In addition, the structural analysis also demonstrates that the average crystallite size varied in the range of 21–25 nm. FTIR spectra present the two prominent absorption bands in the range of 400 to 600 cm-1 which are the fingerprint region of all ferrites. Surface morphology of both substituted and unsubstituted Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticle samples was studied using FESEM technique and it indicates a significant increase in the size of spherical shaped particles with La3+ substitution. Magnetic properties of all samples were analyzed using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results revealed that saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) of La3+ substituted samples has decreased as compared to the Ni-Zn ferrite samples. Hence, the observed results affirm that the lanthanum ion substitution has greatly influenced the structural, morphology and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles.

The renewable biorefinery concept involves transforming a pulp mill into a multipurpose biofuels, biomaterials, and biopower production facility in which these products are produced in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. A key challenge in this process is the recovery of lignin from process streams such that it can be utilized in a variety of innovative green chemistry processes. This chapter focuses on the various methods used for the recovery of lignin and application of lignin. The study also discusses about the production of biofuel, specifically biodiesel via Lignoboost lignin pyrolysis as biofuel, steam gasification/pyrolysis of kraft lignin for biofuel, lignin hydrocracking for biofuel and hydrogenation of black liquor. Besides this, the study also throws some light on the availability of biomass, its sources, and global production of biodiesel.