AIM: To analyze the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of metabolizing enzymes CYP2E1, GSTM1 and Kazakh's esophageal squamous cell cancer in China. METHODS:The genotypes of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2E1 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) following PCR in 104 Kazakh's patients with esophageal cancer (EC) and 104 non-cancer controls. RESULTS:The frequency of CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype was significantly higher in patients with cancer (77.9%) than in control subjects (24.0%) (P<0.05; OR, 11.13; 95%CI,

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The expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 plays a role in ESCC progression, and may be used as a prognostic marker in ESCC.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 infection in Kazakh's esophageal cancer (EC) in Xinjiang, China. METHODS:Encoding regions of p53 codon 72 and HPV-16 E6 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods using pairs of primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue and corresponding normal mucosa, which were collected from 104 patients of Kazakh in Xinjiang, China. RESULTS:Only arginine allele was detected in 70.1% (39/55) of HPV-16-E6-positive cases but only in 40.8% (20/49) of HPV-16-E6-negative cases (P<0.05; OR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.57-7.98). In contrast, such a significant correlation between p53 polymorphism and HPV infection was not evident in corresponding normal mucosae. The allele frequency of Arg allele in cancer cases (0.68) was higher than that in normal mucosa samples (0.54) (P<0.05; OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.21-2.69). CONCLUSION: p53 codon 72Arg homozygous genotype is one of the high-risk genetic factors for HPV-associated SCC of Kazakh. Individuals carrying Arg allele compared to those with Pro allele have an increased risk for esophageal SCC.

Background: In vitro cultivation of Echinococcus is essential for vaccine development to prevent transmission of echinococcosis to dogs. We optimized the conditions for Echinococcusprotoscolex evagination and adult worm development in vitro, including those of water, bile, bile salt, trypsin, and serum in the culture system. Results: Short stimulation (2 × 20 s) with water significantly increased the evagination of protoscoleces (pre-worms) of both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. However, medium containing fetal calf serum (FCS) invaginated 92% of these evaginated protoscoleces. Preculture of the evaginated protoscoleces in no-serum RPMI1640 medium containing dog bile or bile salt for three days maintained 80.5% of the evaginated protoscoleces. Dog serum gel-base maintained 79.8% of the evaginated protoscoleces developing adult worms, which was higher than newborn bovine serum gel-base. The rapidly developing worms had 3–4 progloids after 56 days of culture. E. granulosus worms were longer and wider in size than E. multilocularis after five weeks of in vitro culture. Conclusions: Brief stimulation with water for proscolex evagination and pre-worm maintenance in no-serum medium are crucial for in vitro worm development of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. Dog serum gel-base and bile salts are important for long-term tapeworm development. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81830066, U1803282)