Nickel oxide, as a typical pseudocapacitive material, holds great promise for boosting the energy storage capability of supercapacitors (SCs) owing to its great advantages, such as high theoretical capacitance value, low‐cost, good stability, and environmentally benign nature. Nevertheless, many obstacles, including low intrinsic conductivity and limited surfice electrochemically active sites, need to be overcome before its practical implementation. In this review, the recent advances on nickel oxide‐based electrode materials are outlined with particular attention paid to strategies for enhancing their SC performance. To begin, an introduction to the physical and chemical properties of nickel oxide and its charge storage mechanisms is presented, followed by a discussion of the obstacles to its widespread implementation and the corresponding strategies for constructing high‐performance nickel oxide‐based electrode materials. After that, recent progress in the use of organic electrolyte systems to achieve improvements in integrated device performance is highlighted. To conclude, a detailed discussion on future trends and opportunities associated with NiO‐based electrode materials for future SCs is provided.
The determination of the number of cavities is a very important part of the injection mold design process. In this paper, various factors influencing the number of cavities are analyzed comprehensively, a variety of methods are introduced for the calculation of the number of cavities, and the optimization principles for the reasonable choice of the number of cavities are proposed, for the reference of mold designers
A research on the effect of strip defect in the notched specimen of low alloy hot rolled steel 16MnR at -196°C is carried out in this paper. 4-point positive and negative bending experiments of notched specimen with different preloads are carried out to introduce strip defects of different dimensions in the front of notch. And then the residual stress and work hardening is eliminated through high temperature tempering. Bending fracture experiment is carried out at -196°C. Through microscopic observation and the measurement and analysis of mechanical parameters, it is discovered that: when the preload ratio P0/Pgy0.861, the Pf /Pgy rapidly decreases as the P0/Pgy increases. That’s because the increase of local high stress-strain region caused by the strip defect at the front notch end makes the distribution of crack-shaped nucleus active region of cleavage fracture increase, causes the cleavage initiation and leads to discrete numeric values of material notch toughness Pf and W.
The cleavage fracture behaviors are studied in notched specimens of a low alloy hot rolled steel 16MnR. The results show that two types of cleavage initiation sites are existed in notched specimens, one being related to the inclusions ahead of notch root (IC type) and the other related to inclusions located ahead of string cracks far from the notch root (SIC type). The types of initiation sites are influenced strongly on temperature, changing from IC type at -196°C to SIC type at -130°C. In both IC and SIC initiation mechanisms, the crack nucleation is induced by inclusions and the final fracture is controlled by propagation of a ferrite grain-sized crack into matrix grain. The cleavage fracture of IC initiation type in notched specimens satisfies a dual-criterion model, i.e. a critical plastic strain ep ³epc for initiating a crack nucleus and a critical tensile stress syy³sf for its propagation. While for SIC initiation type, the dual-criterion model is evolved with the expression of ep+eps³epc and syy+syys³sf.
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