Stomata are epidermal structures that modulate gas exchanges between plants and the atmosphere. The formation of stomata is regulated by multiple developmental and environmental signals, but how these signals are coordinated to control this process remains unclear. Here, we showed that the conserved energy sensor kinase SnRK1 promotes stomatal development under short-day photoperiod or in liquid culture conditions. Mutation of KIN10, the catalytic α-subunit of SnRK1, results in the decreased stomatal index; while overexpression of KIN10 significantly induces stomatal development. KIN10 displays the cell-typespecific subcellular location pattern. The nuclear-localized KIN10 proteins are highly enriched in the stomatal lineage cells to phosphorylate and stabilize SPEECHLESS, a master regulator of stomatal formation, thereby promoting stomatal development. Our work identifies a module links connecting the energy signaling and stomatal development and reveals that multiple regulatory mechanisms are in place for SnRK1 to modulate stomatal development in response to changing environments.

No abstract

Excessive water production is an enduring problem in the oil industry that has always been an unbearable burden on the environment and a great damage to the ultimate oil recovery. Gel treatment has been routinely used for decreasing water production. Disproportionate permeability reduction (DPR) is a natural phenomenon in some polymer gels that can reduce the permeability to water more than to oil. The conformance improvement treatments with DPR can effectively reduce the water cut without substantially reducing the oil productivity in fractured reservoirs. At present, there are no widely accepted mechanisms of oil-phase permeability development and DPR. In this paper, nuclear magnetic resonance is applied to study the mechanisms of oil-phase permeability development, DPR, and permeability influence by scanning different core samples treated with Cr­(III)–acetate–hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer gels. Results show that the permeability difference leads to a certain alteration in NMR T2 curves, but final conclusions for the mechanisms are consistent. For the mechanism of oil-phase permeability development, initially, gel displacement in large pores accounts for the oil permeability development, after which the gel dehydration becomes the main mechanism. The mechanisms for DPR include the blocking of flow channels by gel rehydration and residual oil and the low permeability of gel relative to water. The results can be used to optimize the utility of polymer gels with a DPR property.

Summary In Arabidopsis, the differentiation of epidermal cells into stomata is regulated by endogenous and environmental signals. Sugar is required for plant epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation. However, it is unclear how epidermal cells maintain division and differentiation to generate proper amounts of stomata in response to different sugar availability. Here, we show that two evolutionarily conserved kinase Snf1‐related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) and Target of rapamycin (TOR) play critical roles in the regulation of stomatal development under different sugar availability. When plants are grown on a medium containing 1% sucrose, sucrose‐activated TOR promotes the stomatal development by inducing the expression of SPEECHLESS (SPCH), a master regulator of stomatal development. SnRK1 promotes stomatal development through phosphorylating and stabilizing SPCH. However, under the high sucrose conditions, the highly accumulated trehalose‐6‐phosphate (Tre6P) represses the activity of KIN10, the catalytic α‐subunit of SnRK1, by reducing the interaction between KIN10 and its upstream kinase, consequently promoting SPCH degradation and inhibiting stomatal development. Our findings revealed that TOR and SnRK1 finely regulate SPCH expression and protein stability to optimize the stomatal development in response to exogenously supplied sugar.

Aim: To explore the experiences of nurses' work stress related to COVID-19 regular epidemic prevention and control in China. Background:The global COVID-19 epidemic is still severe, and China's ongoing regular epidemic prevention and control still cannot be relaxed, which places demands on nurses.Methods: Thirty nurses and eight nurse managers were interviewed using semistructured in-depth interviews, and the data were analysed by the Colaizzi seven-step analysis method.Results: Four themes were extracted as follows: environmental factors, organizational factors, personal factors and positive factors in coping with stress.Conclusions: Nursing managers should pay attention to construction of the first-line departments of regular epidemic prevention and control. The shortage of nurses' human resources and the increase of nurse-patient conflicts are problems that need Xiumu Yang and Zhengfu Shen are co-correspondence of this article.