Chemical structures of typical Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids from eggplant, tomato, and potato.

Fashioning microporous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) into single crystals with ordered macropores allows for an effective reduction of the mass transfer resistance and the maximum preservation of their intrinsic properties but remains unexplored. Here, we report the first synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) ordered macroporous single crystals of the imine-linked 3D microporous COFs (COF-300 and COF-303) via a template-assisted modulated strategy. In this strategy, COFs crystallized within the sacrificial colloidal crystal template, assembled from monodisperse polystyrene microspheres, and underwent an aniline-modulated amorphous-to-crystalline transformation to form large single crystals with 3D interconnected macropores. The effects of the introduced macroporous structure on the sorption performances of COF-300 single crystals were further probed by iodine. Our results indicate that iodine adsorption occurred in micropores of COF-300 but not in the introduced macropores. Accordingly, the iodine adsorption capacity of COF single crystals was governed by their micropore accessibility. The relatively long diffusion path in the non-macroporous COF-300 single crystals resulted in a limited micropore accessibility (48.4%) and thus a low capacity in iodine adsorption (1.48 g•g −1 ). The introduction of 3D ordered macropores can greatly shorten the microporous diffusion path in COF-300 single crystals and thus render all their micropores fully accessible in iodine adsorption with a capacity (3.15 g•g −1 ) that coincides well with the theoretical one.

In this paper, the chemical structures of coal and three types of biomass were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To evaluate the effects of the biomass blending ratio, heating rate, and biomass type on the co-pyrolysis behaviors, the pyrolysis behaviors of coal, three types of biomass, and coal−biomass blends were studied through nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The results expose that coal is rich in the aromatic CC, however the biomass is rich in O−H group and C−O group. For three types of biomass, the type of main functional groups is same, but the relative content of them is different. During the co-pyrolysis processes of coal and biomass, the experimental R B is higher than the calculated values. Conversely, the experimental R coal is lower than the calculated values, whereas the experimental T coal shifts to lower temperature. Therefore, we can deduce that the interaction occurs during the co-pyrolysis processes of coal and biomass. In addition, whether biomass has synergistic or inhibitory effect in the whole co-pyrolysis process is related to the mixing ratio, the heating rate, and the type of biomass. Finally, the kinetic parameters of coal and sawdust pyrolysis process were obtained by the simplified distributed activation energy model method.

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