This study used a soccer context to examine the relations between scores and judgments of goal sizes. In Experiment 1, 18 participants (4 women, 14 men; M age = 21.9 yr., SD = 0.9) kicked balls into 5 goals of different sizes. Participants' estimates of the goal size correlated positively with their scores. In Experiment 2, 17 participants (3 women, 14 men; M age = 22.1 yr., SD = 1.0) kicked the balls either from a standing position or while running. Participants' estimates of the goal sizes were higher when they were running. The enlargement of perceived goal size was seemingly related to scoring, and was scaled by the running action. Experiments reinforced the notion of affordance-based control. Differing views from Oriental philosophy and psychology were discussed.

Evaluating the affordance–control interpretation of the relationship between performance and object estimation has been proposed by psychophysical and psychonomic studies. This study examined the weight estimation–performance relationship. Individuals with visual impairment or blindness put shots that varied in weight among five scales. In Experiment 1, only the perceived weight was a significant performance constraint. In Experiment 2, the weight was perceived as heavier when the participants’ actions were manipulated through cognitive interpretation. The increase in perceived weight appeared to be related to performance and intrinsically scaled to the action, even when the action was only mental rather than physical. The study’s findings suggest that bodily experience and action are the basis for physical judgments and likely underlie other basic cognitive interpretations of sensory stimuli. This suggestion goes hand in hand with the biofunctional approaches which assume direct experience of the integrated wholeness of one’s body is fundamental for developing other kinds of awareness. Different perspectives from oriental philosophy and psychology are also discussed.

Are the visual word-processing tasks of naming and lexical decision sensitive to systematic phonological properties that may or may not be specified in the spelling? Two experiments with Hangul, the alphabetic orthography of Korea, were directed at the effects of the phonological process of assimilation whereby one articulation changes to conform to a neighboring articulation. Disyllabic words were responded to more quickly when (a) the final letter of the first syllable and the initial letter of the second syllable specified phonemes that satisfied rather than violated consonant assimilation, and (b) the vowel letters specified harmonious as opposed to disharmonious vowel phonemes. Discussion addressed the possible mediation of assimilation effects by consistency differences and theories that predict broad phonological influences on visual word recognition.