A generalized discrete time domain modeling and analysis technique is presented for all types of switch ing regulators using any type of duty-cycle controller, and operating in both continuous and discontinuous in ductor current.State space techniques are employed to derive an equivalent nonlinear discrete time model that describes the converter exactly.The system is linear ized about its equilibrium state to obtain a linear discrete time model for small signal performance evalua tions, such as stability, audiosusceptibility and tran sient response.The analysis makes extensive use of the digital computer as an analytical tool.It is universal, exact and easy to use.

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