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E ducation for citizenship has become a key concern of educational policy and debate in economically advanced countries as well as in developing countries. The question of what constitutes education for citizenship in different nations is critical in both national and international contexts. China is no exception as it emerges from its most recent era of self-enforced isolation, and much can be drawn from China's transformation from the classical idea of its people being subjects of an absolute monarchy claiming divine right to rule in an authoritarian and arbitrary way to the modern democratic concept of citizenship of a country where people enjoy essential equality as human beings and the fundamental freedoms of conscience, religion, opinion, expression and the right to vote. In China 'citizenship' and citizenship education have their roots in the late nineteenth century. Their history can be divided into three major periods: that of social transformation prior to 1949, the period of socialist construction between 1949 and 1978, and the period of innovation from 1978 to the present. This article critically reviews historical developments in the field of Citizenship Education in schools, illustrates some of the issues in contemporary developments, and puts forward some suggestions for future development. A historical review Citizenship Education in China has experienced numerous difficulties of selfidentity but its development eventually reached a stage where it was based on similar understandings to its Western counterparts.

Despite the significant breakthroughs in research on microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel, its production cost is still much higher than that of fossil diesel. One possible solution to overcome this problem is to optimize algal growth and lipid production in wastewater. The present study examines the feasibility of using magnetic treatment for enhancement of algal lipid production and wastewater treatment in outdoor-cultivated Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Results confirmed that magnetic treatment significantly enhances biomass and lipid productivity of C. pyrenoidosa by 12 and 10 %, respectively. Application of magnetic field in a semi-continuous culture resulted in highly treated wastewater with total nitrogen maintained under 15 mg L, ammonia nitrogen below 5 mg L, total phosphorus less than 0.5 mg L, and COD less than 50 mg L. In addition, magnetic treatment resulted in a decrease of wastewater turbidity, an increase of bacterial numbers, and an increase of active oxygen in wastewater which might be attributed to the enhancement of growth and lipid production of C. pyrenoidosa.