Exosomes are membranous lipid vesicles fused with intracellular multicellular bodies and then released into the extracellular environment. They contain various bioactive substances, including proteins, mRNA, miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, lipids, transcription factors, and cytokine receptors. Under certain conditions, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and biological functions. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) in osteology, exploring different sources of exosomes to improve bone microenvironment and resist bone metastasis. We also provided new ideas for the prevention and rehabilitation of human diseases by exosomes.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is considered to be the primary reason for low back pain (LBP), which has become more prevalent from 21 century, causing an enormous economic burden for society. However, in spite of remarkable improvements in the basic research of IVD degeneration (IVDD), the effects of clinical treatments of IVDD are still leaving much to be desired. Accumulating evidence has proposed the existence of endogenous stem/progenitor cells in the IVD that possess the ability of proliferation and differentiation. However, few studies have reported the biological properties and potential application of IVD progenitor cells in detail. Even so, these stem/progenitor cells have been consumed as a promising cell source for the regeneration of damaged IVD. In this review, we will first introduce IVD, describe its physiology and stem/progenitor cell niche, and characterize IVDSPCs between homeostasis and IVD degeneration. We will then summarize recent studies on endogenous IVDSPC-based IVD regeneration and exogenous cell-based therapy for IVDD. Finally, we will discuss the potential applications and future developments of IVDSPC-based repair of IVD degeneration.

The quantification of home advantage is the key to understanding the home advantage. Most studies on the quantification of home advantage focus on home winning percentage, while little has been done on quantifying home advantage using technical and tactical performance. This study analyzed 480 matches from four seasons of the UEFA Champion League from 2016 to 2020, and used quantitative differences (QD) to evaluate teams’ overall performance. Both total shots and dribbles had a significant association with home winning percentage (HWP) when home total shot (HTS) was higher than away total shots (ATS), and the difference was in (9,10], and home dribbles (HD) was higher than away dribbles (AD) and in (2,4]. Besides, a significant association existed between aerial duel won and HWP when home aerial success (HADS) was lower than away aerial success (AADS), and the difference was in (0,2] and (3,4]. Besides, total shots and overall QD had a significant association with the same historical outcomes when HTS>ATS and was in (4,5] and (9,10], and summary of home performance (SHP) was higher than summary of away performance (SAP) and in (0.4,0.5], (0.6,0.7] and (0.9,1.1]. In conclusion, total shots, dribbles and aerial duel won could qualify the home advantage and elevate HWP. Meanwhile, a team has a high possibility of obtaining the same results when the difference in total shots and overall QD reaches certain intervals, which can be used to predict game outcomes in the future.