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Background: Compared with the standard of care with sunitinib, avelumab plus axitinib can increase progression-free survival in the first-line of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but the economic effect of the treatment is unknown. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib in firstline treatment for advanced RCC from the US payer perspective. Methods: A Markov model was developed to evaluate the economic and health outcomes of avelumab plus axitinib vs sunitinib in the first-line setting for advanced RCC. The clinical data were obtained from the JAVELIN Renal 101 Clinical Trials. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty in the model. Health outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs).

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Background The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS) and EQ-5D-5L and compare their psychometric properties in 4 chronic conditions in China. Methods Participants were invited to complete the online survey. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between SWEMWBS and EQ-5D-5L; exploratory factor analysis was used to ascertain the number of unique underlying latent factors measured by SWEMWBS and EQ-5D-5L. Next, we assessed the psychometric properties of SWEMWBS and EQ-5D-5L by reporting distributions and examining their known-group validity and convergent validity. Results In total, 500 individuals participated the online survey. Spearman’s rank correlation showed that EQ-5D-5L dimensions, except for the anxiety/depression dimension, were weakly correlated with all dimensions of SWEMWBS. The two-factor solution for exploratory factor analysis found that all of SWEMWBS dimensions loaded onto one factor, four EQ-5D-5L dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities and pain/discomfort) onto another, and the EQ-5D-5L item of anxiety/depression item loaded moderately onto both factors. Patients of four disease groups had different distributions of responses for both SWEMWBS and EQ-5D-5L. In terms of known-group validity, both the F statistic and AUROC value of EQ-5D-5L utility scores were significantly higher than SWEMWBS scores in all four pair-wised comparisons. The Pearson correlation coefficient between EQ-5D-5L utility scores, SWEMWBS scores and EQ-VAS was 0.44 (P < 0.01) and 0.65 (P < 0.01), respectively. Conclusions SWEMWBS and EQ-5D-5L measure different constructs and can be seen as complementary measures. Both measures demonstrated good convergent validity and known-group validity with EQ-5D-5L being a more sensitive measure, even for mental conditions.

Background: This study was conducted to compare the measurement properties of both the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L in quantifying health related quality of life (HRQoL) burden for 4 different health conditions in China.Methods: A total of 500 participants from China were recruited to complete the 3L and 5L questionnaire via Internet. The 3L and 5L were compared in terms of distribution properties, ceiling effects and relative efficiency. Distributions of responses were also examined. Results: Ceiling effects decreased significantly in the 5L in all domains (P＜0.01), especially in the pain/discomfort dimension (relative difference: 43.10%). Relative efficiency suggested that 5L had a higher absolute discriminatory power than the 3L version between perfectly healthy participant and 4 condition groups, especially for the HIV/AIDS group when the 3L results was not significant. 5L also had smoother and less clustered index value distributions. Conclusions: Both the 3L and 5L are demonstrated to be valid HRQoL instruments for quantifying disease burden in China. The 5L system may be preferable to the 3L, as it demonstrated superior performance with respect to lower ceiling effect, better relative efficiency and distributions.