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Nature has created an efficient sterilization model, i.e., the in situ bacterial capture and killing process via bacteriophages. The bacteriophage is a virus with a unique spiny tail foot; in general, it can capture bacteria and subsequently release nucleic acid to achieve replication and kill bacteria. We define this two-steps process as the localized "capture and killing" (LCK) action. Therefore, it is believed that this bioinspired LCK action may provide massive possibilities for developing efficient disinfection strategies as alternatives to conventional clinical antibiotic treatments. Two concepts must be carefully designed and integrated to construct the bionic nanosystem with LCK action. i) Developing the spiky nanostructures to enhance the interactions between nanomaterials and pathogenic bacteria; [11,12] meanwhile, the spiky structure must be mesoporous to load and release bactericidal substances. [13] ii) Second, developing an efficient and robust bactericidal system without using any antibiotics. [14-18] Compared to many traditional bactericidal molecules, antibacterial strategies based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been intensively studied. [19] Due to its short life cycle, ROS can only cause irreversible damage to substances immediately around it. This spatially confined activity helps to develop targeted applications as well as guarantee excellent biocompatibility during usage. [20,21] Moreover, the molecular weight of ROS is very Besides the pandemic caused by the coronavirus outbreak, many other pathogenic microbes also pose a devastating threat to human health, for instance, pathogenic bacteria. Due to the lack of broad-spectrum antibiotics, it is urgent to develop nonantibiotic strategies to fight bacteria. Herein, inspired by the localized "capture and killing" action of bacteriophages, a virus-like peroxidase-mimic (V-POD-M) is synthesized for efficient bacterial capture (mesoporous spiky structures) and synergistic catalytic sterilization (metalorganic-framework-derived catalytic core). Experimental and theoretical calculations show that the active compound, MoO 3 , can serve as a peroxocomplex-intermediate to reduce the free energy for catalyzing H 2 O 2 , which mainly benefits the generation of •OH radicals. The unique virus-like spikes endow the V-POD-M with fast bacterial capture and killing abilities (nearly 100% at 16 µg mL-1). Furthermore, the in vivo experiments show that V-POD-M possesses similar disinfection treatment and wound skin recovery efficiencies to vancomycin. It is suggested that this inexpensive, durable, and highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) catalytic active V-POD-M provides a promising broad-spectrum therapy for nonantibiotic disinfection. The global pandemic caused by the outbreak of coronavirus has aroused tremendous attention across broad scientific communities. Besides the coronavirus pandemic, many other pathogenic microbes also pose a devastating threat to human health. For instance, pathogenic bacteria have infected millions of people and caused almos...

Pathogenic drug-resistant bacteria represent a threat to human health, for instance, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). There is an ever-growing need to develop non-antibiotic strategies to fight bacteria without triggering drug resistance. Here, we design a hedgehog artificial macrophage with atomic-catalytic centers to combat MRSA by mimicking the “capture and killing” process of macrophages. The experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the synthesized materials can efficiently capture and kill MRSA by the hedgehog topography and substantial generation of •O2− and HClO with its Fe2N6O catalytic centers. The synthesized artificial macrophage exhibits a low minimal inhibition concentration (8 μg/mL Fe-Art M with H2O2 (100 μM)) to combat MRSA and rapidly promote the healing of bacteria-infected wounds on rabbit skin. We suggest that the application of this hedgehog artificial macrophage with “capture and killing” capability and high ROS-catalytic activity will open up a promising pathway to develop antibacterial materials for bionic and non-antibiotic disinfection strategies.

SignificanceIn plants, DNA cytosine methylation plays a central role in diverse cellular functions, from transcriptional regulation to maintenance of genome integrity. Vast numbers of whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) datasets have been generated to profile DNA methylation at single-nucleotide resolution, yet computational analyses vary widely among research groups, making it difficult to cross-compare findings. Here we reprocessed hundreds of publicly available Arabidopsis WGBS libraries using a uniform pipeline. We identified high-confidence differentially methylated regions and compared libraries using a hierarchical framework, allowing us to identify relationships between methylation pathways. Furthermore, by using a large number of independent wild-type controls, we effectively filtered out spontaneous methylation changes from those that are biologically meaningful.