Improving the surface heat load measurement technique for vehicles in aerodynamic heating environments is imperative, regarding aspects of both the apparatus design and identification efficiency. A simple novel apparatus is designed for heat load identification, taking into account the lessons learned from several aerodynamic heating measurement devices. An inverse finite difference scheme (invFDM) for the apparatus is studied to identify its surface heat flux from the interior temperature measurements with high efficiency. A weighted piecewise regression filter is also proposed for temperature measurement prefiltering. Preliminary verification of the invFDM scheme and the filter is accomplished via numerical simulation experiments. Three specific pieces of apparatus have been concretely designed and fabricated using different sensing materials. The aerodynamic heating process is simulated by an inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel facility. The identification of surface temperature and heat flux from the temperature measurements is performed by invFDM. The results validate the high efficiency, reliability and feasibility of heat load measurements with different heat flux levels utilizing the designed apparatus and proposed method.

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SpringerBriefs in Optimization showcases algorithmic and theoretical techniques, case studies, and applications within the broad-based field of optimization. Manuscripts related to the ever-growing applications of optimization in applied mathematics, engineering, medicine, economics, and other applied sciences are encouraged. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher's location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) PrefaceOn-orbit operations generally refer to the spacecraft undergoing or executing numerous events, including parameter configuration, system maintenance, attitude orienting, and orbital maneuver. On-orbit operations optimization aims to provide optimized space services or products, which may be more cost-effective, or more responsive, or having better performance. Recently, with on-orbit servicing development, interest in the operations optimization among multiple cooperative or noncooperative spacecraft has grown. As a result, on-orbit servicing operations mission planning (optimization) emerges as a hot topic. Despite numerous journal and conference articles in the topic, so far there has been no published monograph dedicated to the subject. Based on two new doctoral dissertations of our research group, this book summarizes latest optimization models and algorithms of on-orbit servicing ope...

Abstract. For a long time, researchers have achieved much in balanced development of national and regional compulsory schools, yet little has been done in the study of balanced development in a certain subject area. This paper aims at improving Proximal Support Vector Machine and constructing Weighted Proximal Support Vector Machine in order to scientifically evaluate the balanced development of English Education in compulsory schools. This article goes further to analyze the evaluating factors of the balanced development of English education in compulsory schools and the feasibility to apply PSVM to do so by determining the main evaluating indicators and working out a new evaluation method based on PSVM in the hope of boosting the study of balanced development of other courses therefore to achieve the ultimate goal of balanced development among compulsory schools.