The open nature of basketball gives it a large uncertainty that makes hard the tactical analysis of the situations that happen in the game. Specifically, screens are one of the offensive tactical elements most used in basketball and one example of a tactical situation that needs the highest preparation level to get a good performance in the competition. The aim of this study is to differentiate these player behaviors by gender using data mining and polar coordinates analysis. Therefore, one ad hoc observational tool made by 17 criteria and 97 exhaustive and mutually exclusive (E/ME) categories has been designed and validated using the data quality analysis (correlation coefficients and concordance index 0.98) and generalizability analysis (G coefficients 0.94) to perform such a study. The observational design is nomothetic, punctual, and multidimensional. A total of 176 ball screens situations have been analyzed for the men's category and 118 for women's category, corresponding to three different teams of each gender playing in the highest competition level in Spain during the 2018/2019 season using Hoisan software tool. The analysis of the relationships among behaviors has been performed using Polar Coordinates analysis as well as data mining analysis: clustering and decision tree classifier. Results show significant relationships that allow us to tactically interpret the pick and roll situations in men's and women's professional basketball players in Spain, allowing us to develop more intervention programs which will optimize training and improve players performance.

Although research on the effect of color in taekwondo has involved several international competitions, no previous study has investigated the presence of this phenomenon in national-level competitions. The main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the color protectors and success in 1155 taekwondo matches of the Italian and Uzbekistan Senior Championships (ITA-SC and UZB-SC) (2019 and 2021). The results showed no relationship between the color protectors and the match outcome, in both ITA-SC and UZB-SC (p = 0.71, V = 0.01; p = 0.61, V = 0.02). Moreover, no relationship emerged between the color protectors and the match outcome in the four editions of the SC. Stratifying analyses by weight category and sex, males showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 3 and 1 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Contrary, females showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 1 and 3 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Analyzing the two national contexts found that, in both the Italian and Uzbek contexts, matches in 2 and 2 of 16 weight categories were won by athletes wearing blue and red protectors, respectively. Significant relationships emerged between the color blue and winning the match with small asymmetry in the men’s UZB-SC and between the color red and winning the match with large asymmetry in the female ITA-SC. The implementation of the electronic point recording system for the body and head has had a positive impact on fairness in national taekwondo competitions, did not detect any effect of color related to cultural context, and did not allow for the color red to tip the scales between losing and winning in matches between athletes of similar ability and strength.

En este estudio se presenta un instrumento de observación para analizar las acciones de ataque posicional en el balonmano de alto nivel. La herramienta ha sido diseñada ad hoc mediante un sistema mixto de formatos de campo y sistema de categorías exhaustivas y mutuamente excluyentes (E/ME). La conforman 12 criterios y 62 categorías, que proponen como principales criterios la situación que produce el desequilibrio, los medios tácticos colectivos empleados y la ejecución de la decisión. Se realizó un análisis de Calidad del Dato y un análisis de Generalizabilidad. Se estimaron los coeficientes de correlación (Pearson, Spearman, Tau b de Kendall) y el índice de Kappa de Cohen para ambos sexos. Las correlaciones estimadas para sexo masculino fueron de (.97-.99) para la fiabilidad intraobservador y (.89-.98) en la interobservador. El índice de la Kappa de Cohen resultó 0.94 y 0.82 respectivamente. El sexo femenino obtuvo en el coeficiente de correlación intraobservador (.95-.97) y (.87-.98) en el inter. El índice de la Kappa de Cohen fue 0.91 en la concordancia inter y 0,81 en la intra. Los resultados han mostrado índices adecuados de correlación, así como excelentes resultados de la Generalizabilidad con un valor G relativo y G absoluto de .99 en el acuerdo interobservador y 1.00 para el acuerdo intraobservador. Como aspecto novedoso, se realizó un análisis de invarianza para demostrar que no existen diferencias por razón de género en la utilización de la herramienta. Los datos generados del estudio aseguran que la herramienta de observación presenta una elevada validez, precisión y fiabilidad.

La danza clásica es una disciplina rigurosa, técnica, estilística, cultural y artística que requiere el estudio de las acciones y habilidades motrices. El estudio presenta una herramienta de observación ad hoc compuesta por un sistema mixto de formato de campo y un sistemas de categorías exhaustivas y mutuamente excluyentes (E/ME), con el objetivo de validarla para poder codificar y evaluar un ejercicio de danza clásica, el plié de una barra de ballet. El instrumento está compuesto por 5 criterios y un total de 84 categorías distribuidas de la siguiente forma: 9 para las cuentas musicales, 19 para cabeza/mirada, 33 en tren inferior, 18 en tren superior y 5 en dirección espacial. La muestra fueron 10 bailarines/as, ocho mujeres y dos hombres, todos con un nivel profesional en danza clásica. Se realizó un análisis de Calidad del Dato y un análisis de Generalizabilidad con los programas HOISAN y SAGT v1.0. La fiabilidad de los observadores se llevó a cabo mediante el cálculo de los coeficientes de correlación Pearson, Spearman y Tau b de Kendall; y mediante el índice de concordancia Kappa de Cohen y concordancia canónica de Krippendorf. Las correlaciones estimadas fueron de .99-1.00 para la fiabilidad inter e intraobservador, el índice de Kappa de Cohen se situó entre .99 y 1.00 respectivamente y la concordancia canónica entre 99.6% y 100%. Los resultados muestran índices adecuados de correlación, así como excelentes resultados de generalizabilidad con un valor G relativo y G absoluto de 1.00 en el acuerdo interobservador e intraobservador, revelando que la herramienta de observación presenta una óptima validez, precisión y fiabilidad. Classical dance is a rigorous, technical, stylistic, cultural and artistic discipline that requires the study of actions and motor skills. The study presents an ad hoc observation tool composed of a mixed field format system and a system of exhaustive and mutually exclusive categories (E / ME), with the aim of validating it in order to be able to code and evaluate a classical dance exercise, the plie of a ballet barre. The instrument is made up of 5 criteria and a total of 84 categories distributed as follows: 9 for musical accounts, 19 for head / gaze, 33 in lower body, 18 in upper body and 5 in spatial direction. The sample was 10 dancers, eight women and two men, all with a professional level in classical dance. A Data Quality analysis and a Generalizability analysis were performed with the HOISAN and SAGT v1.0 programs. The reliability of the observers was carried out by calculating the correlation coefficients Pearson, Spearman and Kendall's Tau b; and using Cohen's Kappa concordance index and Krippendorf's canonical concordance. The estimated correlations were .99-1.00 for inter and intra-observer reliability, Cohen's Kappa index was between .99 and 1.00 respectively, and canonical agreement between 99.6% and 100%. The results show adequate correlation indices, as well as excellent generalizability results with a relative G and absolute G value of 1.00 in the interobserver and intraobserver agreement, revealing that the observation tool has optimal validity, precision and reliability. Keywords: Observational Methodology, Generalizability Analysis, Data Quality, Classical Dance, Plié. La danza classica è una disciplina rigorosa, tecnica, stilistica, culturale e artistica che richiede lo studio delle azioni e delle capacità motorie. Lo studio presenta uno strumento di osservazione ad hoc composto da un sistema misto di formati di campo e da un sistema di categorie esaustive e reciprocamente esclusive (E/ME), con l'obiettivo di validarlo per poter codificare e valutare un esercizio di danza classica, il plié di un ballerino. Lo strumento è composto da 5 criteri e da un totale di 84 categorie così distribuite: 9 per le perline musicali, 19 per la testa/occhio, 33 nel treno inferiore, 18 nel treno superiore e 5 nella direzione spaziale. Il campione era di 10 ballerini, otto donne e due uomini, tutti con un livello professionale nella danza classica. Con i programmi HOISAN e SAGT v1.0 sono state effettuate un'analisi della qualità dei dati e un'analisi di Generalizability. L'affidabilità degli osservatori è stata effettuata calcolando i coefficienti di correlazione Pearson, Spearman e Tau b di Kendall; e tramite l'indice di concordanza Kappa di Cohen e l'indice di concordanza canonica di Kriperndorf. Le correlazioni stimate sono state di 0,99-1,00 per l'affidabilità inter- e intra-osservatore, l'indice Kappa di Cohen era rispettivamente tra 0,99 e 1,00 e la concordanza canonica tra 99,6 e 100%. I risultati mostrano adeguati indici di correlazione, così come eccellenti risultati di generalizzabilità con un valore G relativo e G assoluto di 1,00 nell'accordo inter- e intra-osservatore, rivelando che lo strumento di osservazione presenta una validità, precisione e affidabilità ottimali. A dança clássica é uma disciplina rigorosa, técnica, estilística, cultural e artística que requer o estudo das ações e habilidades motoras. O estudo apresenta uma ferramenta de observação ad hoc composta por um sistema de formato de campo misto e um sistema de categorias exaustivas e mutuamente exclusivas (E / ME), com o objetivo de validá-la para poder codificar e avaliar um exercício de dança clássica, a folha de uma barra de balé. O instrumento é composto por 5 critérios e um total de 84 categorias distribuídas da seguinte forma: 9 para contas musicais, 19 para cabeça / olhar, 33 na parte inferior do corpo, 18 na parte superior do corpo e 5 na direção espacial. A amostra foi de 10 bailarinos, sendo oito mulheres e dois homens, todos com nível profissional em dança clássica. Uma análise de qualidade de dados e uma análise de generalização foram realizadas com os programas HOISAN e SAGT v1.0. A confiabilidade dos observadores foi realizada por meio do cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall's Tau b; e usando o índice de concordância Kappa de Cohen e a concordância canônica de Krippendorf. As correlações estimadas foram de 0,99 a 1,00 para confiabilidade inter e intraobservador, o índice Kappa de Cohen ficou entre 0,99 e 1,00, respectivamente, e a concordância canônica entre 99,6% e 100%. Os resultados mostram índices de correlação adequados, bem como excelentes resultados de generalizabilidade com G relativo e valor G absoluto de 1,00 na concordância interobservador e intraobservador, revelando que o instrumento de observação tem validade, precisão e confiabilidade ótimas.

The objective of this study was to design, validate and update an observation tool to analyse the technical-tactical actions by which taekwondo players win points. An ad hoc observational tool was developed for subsequent use in HOISAN software by viewing seven finals (14 viewings) in the Rome 2019 Grand Prix, collecting data (1,382 technical/tactical actions) from both winners and losers (women, n = 3; men, n = 4). An observational methodology based on a nomothetic, follow-up and multidimensional (N/F/M) observational design was used. In the statistical analysis, to check the validity of the generalizability analysis, the Category/Observer (C/O) and Observer/Category (O/C) models were employed, and to determine reliability between observations (intra- and interobserver), the Pearson, Spearman, Kendall's tau-b and Cohen's kappa correlation coefficients were applied. One point were awarded for every penalty given against the opponent. Two points were obtained for a circular technique to the trunk protector (in winners) or by scoring a point for a punch plus a penalty against the opponent, three points in melee actions, anticipatory actions with the left side (winners), or after a punch action, and circular technique (losers). Four and five points were only obtained by winners, in a direct attack with the right leg, turning (five points) or simultaneous (four points). The results of this study provide information on the most effective technical-tactical actions in taekwondo for scoring points in a contest.