Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Like many other cancers, BC therapy is challenging and sometimes frustrating. In spite of the various therapeutic modalities applied to treat the cancer, drug resistance, also known as, chemoresistance, is very common in almost all BCs. Undesirably, a breast tumor might be resistant to different curative approaches (e.g., chemo- and immunotherapy) at the same period of time. Exosomes, as double membrane-bound extracellular vesicles 1) secreted from different cell species, can considerably transfer cell products and components through the bloodstream. In this context, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are a chief group of exosomal constituents with amazing abilities to regulate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of BC, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, migration, and particularly drug resistance. Thereby, exosomal ncRNAs can be considered potential mediators of BC progression and drug resistance. Moreover, as the corresponding exosomal ncRNAs circulate in the bloodstream and are found in different body fluids, they can serve as foremost prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers. The current study aims to comprehensively review the most recent findings on BC-related molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways affected by exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, with a focus on drug resistance. Also, the potential of the same exosomal ncRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of BC will be discussed in detail.

Background: Apoptosis inhibition depends on the balance between expression of some regulatory genes including Bax and c-FLIP, despite breast cancer has long been associated with disturbances in apoptosis regulation. The objective of present study was to determine the expression levels of Bax and c-FLIP mRNAs in 1 μg sample of total RNA obtained from MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells treated with Prunus armeniaca extract. Methods: Prunus armeniaca effect was measured by MTT assay with different drug concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5 mg/mL) at different incubation times (24, 48 and 72 h). Expression of Bax and c-FLIP mRNA levels was determined by qRT-PCR technique. Results: The results of this study indicated that Prunus armeniaca significantly inhibited proliferation of cells in concentration-dependent manner in all the time of incubation (P < 0.05). Our findings also showed that the expression level of Bax and c-FLIP genes were increased in untreat group compared with control group in both of cancer cells at all the time (P < 0.001). Prunus armeniaca reduced the expression level of Bax and c-FLIP genes cancer cells as a timedependence manner with respect to the untreat group significantly (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The expression level of Bax and c-FLIP genes were significantly decreased under treatment of Prunus armeniaca extract and it may be helpful in the prevention and cure of breast cancer in usage of herbal remedies.

Background: Medicinal plants have been used for many different purposes in the past. These plants may produce antimicrobial metabolites that affect the natural growth of microorganisms. The aim of this research was to study the antibacterial properties of rhubarb, cinnamon and pennyroyal on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of pennyroyal, cinnamon and rhubarb on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was investigated after their collection and extraction process. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of this extract on bacteria were also measured. Results: The MIC of hydro alcoholic extract of pennyroyal was above 400 mg/ml for both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Also the MBC has been reported 400 and 500 mg/dL, respectively. The MIC of cinnamon extract for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were reported 250 and higher and 500 and higher, respectively. Also, the MBC was reported 500 and 600 mg/ml, respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to rhubarb plant extract, and the MIC and the MBC for Staphylococcus aureus were reported 200 mg/ml and higher and 400 mg/ml and higher, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the hydro alcoholic extract of cinnamon, pennyroyal and rhubarb has anti bacterial effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.

Heart failure (HF) is a public health issue that imposes high costs on healthcare systems. Despite the significant advances in therapies and prevention of HF, it remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The current clinical diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic strategies, have some limitations. Genetic and epigenetic factors have been identified to be central to the pathogenesis of HF. Therefore, they might provide promising novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for HF. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) belong to a group of RNAs that are produced by RNA polymerase II. These molecules play an important role in the functioning of different cell biological processes, such as transcription and regulation of gene expression. LncRNAs can affect different signaling pathways by targeting biological molecules or a variety of different cellular mechanisms. The alteration in their expression has been reported in different types of cardiovascular diseases, including HF, supporting the theory that they are important in the development and progression of heart diseases. Therefore, these molecules can be introduced as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in HF. In this review, we summarize different lncRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in HF. Moreover, we highlight various molecular mechanisms dysregulated by different lncRNAs in HF.