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: The final stage of breast cancer involves spreading breast cancer cells to the vital organs like the brain, liver lungs and bones in the process called metastasis. Once the target organ is overtaken by the metastatic breast cancer cells, its usual function is compromised causing organ dysfunction and death. Despite the significant research on breast cancer metastasis, it’s still the main culprit of breast cancer-related deaths. Exploring the complex molecular pathways associated with the initiation and progression of breast cancer metastasis could lead to the discovery of more effective ways of treating the devastating phenomenon. The present review article highlights the recent advances to understand the complexity associated with breast cancer metastases, organotropism and therapeutic advances.

Background: All ages are susceptible to allergic rhinitis, a chronic respiratory condition marked by nasal cavity irritation. Allergic rhinitis is the result of a complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and other lifestyle factors. The present study was intended to assess the effectiveness of video assisted structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding management of allergic rhinitis by mothers of children (2-12 years) attending OPD at SKIMS Soura, Srinagar. Objectives: To assess the pre-test and posttest knowledge of mothers of children (2-12 years) regarding management of allergic rhinitis, to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted structured programme regarding management of Allergic Rhinitis by comparing pre-test and post-test knowledge of mothers of children (2-12 scores and to find the association of pre-test knowledge scores of mothers of children (2-12 years) regarding management of Allergic Rhinitis with their selected demographic variables. Methodology: The study was conducted quantitatively using a one group, pre-test, post-test methodology. The current study had included 50 mothers of children (2-12 years) attending pediatric OPDs at SKIMS Soura Srinagar were selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique. Self structured interview schedule was administered. Results: The finding of the present study showed that on pre-test majority of subjects (96%) had inadequate knowledge, (4%) moderate knowledge and (0%) inadequate knowledge. The finding of the present study showed that on post-test majorty of subjects (88%) had adequate knowledge, (12%) moderate knowledge and none of the study subject had inadequate knowledge. Conclusion:Pre-test finding concluded that knowledge level of study subjects were inadequate regarding management of allergic rhinitis due to lack of previous exposure and education about management of allergic rhinitis. So there was need to make them aware and educate them properly regarding management of allergic rhinitis. Therefore health education programme regarding management of allergic rhinitis can help them to manage allergic rhinitis in their children properly without any serious health complication. Keywords: Knowledge, Mother, Management, Allergic rhinitis, Video Assisted Structured Teaching Programme.

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With an expected incidence of more than 1 million cases by 2025, liver cancer remains a problem for world health. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, accounting for nearly 90% of cases. Hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol abuse, and smoking are the main risk factors for developing HCC. Furthermore, the molecular pathogenesis of HCC linked with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is distinct. A quarter of all HCCs have potentially treatable mutations that have not yet been implemented in clinical practice. The current hurdle in diagnosis is the requirement for molecular data that necessitates tissue or liquid biopsies.