Context: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are neurological disorders characterized by the degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have examined interactions between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and functioning of the CNS in NDs. In this study, we summarized the role of different lncRNAs in most NDs. Methods: In this study, different papers published between years 2003 and 2020 were reviewed. Results: LncRNAs can play a significant role in the development of brain disorders. Conclusions: The dysregulation of lncRNAs has been shown to affect NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD). In this review, we compiled recent findings related to the main lncRNAs associated with brain disorders.

: The trachea is a respiratory organ, which connects the larynx to the main flageolet and the lungs, made up of cartilaginous rings and a mucosal layer-lined tube characterized by smooth muscle and connective tissue. Tissue engineering is one of the most promising and potent therapeutic approaches for curing long-segment tracheal stenosis. This study reviewed articles indexed in scientific databases including ISI, SID, PubMed, and PubMed Central between 1993 and 2022. Although three-dimensional scaffolds are a new therapeutic approach, they have opened up new avenues for renovating pathologically problematic tissues. This review article discusses the anatomy of the trachea and therapeutic approaches such as tissue engineering to construct tracheal cartilage to replace the damaged trachea. Next, we concisely review the recent advances in stem cell biology in scaffolds and their interplay with growth factors to optimize an engineered tracheal epithelium.