This research assessed the direct economic effects of the 2005-06 HPAI outbreaks on contracted turkey producers in Turkey in 2007. The data were obtained from 71 randomly selected, contracted turkey farms (producing 23% of the national turkey meat in Turkey in 2005) from five provinces for four integrated firms, which account for 67% of the national turkey production. Each farm was visited once for an oral interview conducted by the authors in 2007, using a questionnaire survey. The financial data before and after highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak periods were obtained from available financial records. Changes in production and economics parameters before and after the HPAI H5N1 outbreak periods were compared. In the analyses, the "before the HPAI H5N1 outbreak" period was stated as October 1, 2004, to May 31, 2005, whereas the "after the HPAI H5N1 outbreak" period was stated as the 8-mo between October 1, 2005, and May 31, 2006. The research revealed that changes in the technical parameters (number of hired labor, feed conversion rate, mortality rate, and the length of fattening period) were not found to be statistically significant at P > 0.05. However, there were severe effects of the HPAI H5N1 outbreaks on the economic parameters of the turkey production. The contracted turkey producers lost on average 0.9 cycles (38%) of production, and their management fees were reduced by 9.3% in the 8 mo after the outbreaks. As a result, the production level and enterprise income declined by 36% and 39%, respectively. About 93% of the producers did not do any other supplementary work during the idle production period; 59% of the producers had to use on average 4970TL (US$3200) from their personnel saving during the HPAI H5N1 outbreaks. About 62% of the producers stated that they had been considering expanding their businesses, but suspended the idea because of the outbreak, and 80% of the producers increased the biosecurity measures after the outbreaks. The futures of the contracted turkey producers are fully dependent on those of the integrated firms. Any negative effects on the latter appear to be directly transferred to the former. However, the government neglected contracted producers in the HPAI compensation programs.

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use of profit function regression model as a possible practical decision support tool in the lamb meat production. It was found that all independents variables except "Fa�ening Duration", "Capacity Use", "Total Other Expenditures" and "Number of Lambs", had strong statistical associations (P < 0.01) with the profit from per kg live-weight. Because marginal impact of each independent variable on the profit was the estimated co-efficient value, they could simply be used to evaluate "what-if scenarios" and the risk of investment under changing circumstances in lamb meat production. It is, therefore, intended that lamb meat producers could use such modelling approach as a practical decision support tool.

This research aimed at assessing the financial effects of the 2005 to 2006 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks on Turkish broiler enterprises. The data were obtained from an interview survey carried out in 499 enterprises randomly selected from 14 provinces that accounted for 79% of the national broiler production. The research revealed that the contracted broiler producers lost on average 1.38 cycles of production and their management fee reduced by 14.7% in 8 mo after the outbreaks. As a result, the broiler production and the enterprise income declined by 34.8 and 44.3%, respectively. The bank loan of the producers rose by 161%. A total of 93% of the producers did not do any other supplementary work during the idle production period in spite of the fact that broiler production was the only business of 36% of them. Furthermore, more than half of the producers (56%) stated that they were considering expanding their business, but suspended this idea due to the outbreak. Approximately 87% of the producers increased the biosecurity measures after the outbreaks. The nationwide effects of the avian influenza outbreaks on the contracted broilers farms were estimated to be US$100.8 million (US$7,967/broiler house). The futures of the contracted broiler producers are fully dependent upon those of the integrated firms. Any negative effects on the latter appeared to be transferred directly to the former. However, the government neglected the integrated firms in the avian influenza compensation programs.

In this study, technical and economic analysis of dairy cattle enterprises in Balıkesir province were carried out, and the factors affecting the competitiveness of enterprises, important in terms of the continuity of production were determined. The stratified sampling method was used to determine the sample, and the study material was two-year (2017-2018) data obtained from 147 enterprises. In addition to the economic analysis of the data obtained, factors affecting unit profit in enterprises were estimated using the multiple linear regression model. The cost elements in total enterprises in Balıkesir province in 2017-2018 include feed expenses (47.90%-47.29%), livestock depreciation (16.64%-16.13%), labor expenses (13.84%-14.30%), veterinary health expenses (4.03%-4.50%), fuel transportation expenses (3.43%-4.15%), building equipment depreciation (3.37%-3.64%), and other expense items. A distinct difference was observed between scales in terms of profit and loss states of the enterprises in the study, with an increase in the profitability level from small toward large scale enterprise. The small-scale enterprises, in particular, are at a loss. The most important determinant of competitiveness in the study is the region's development level, where the enterprises are established in the borders of Balıkesir province. Additionally, among the technical parameters, the calving interval and the reduction of the disease rate have a positive effect on the competitiveness of the enterprises. Therefore, improving the financial structure of the enterprises and boosting the rate of technology utilization while simultaneously increasing enterprise scales will contribute positively to competitiveness.

(Dnline) 2.6% goat milk, and 0.3% water buffalo milk (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2016). A large proportion of the milk produced in Turkey is cow milk; 52.2% of the cow milk produced is processed in industrial plants. Dut of the remaining, 21.5% is used to produce dairy products at home, 10.5% is directly sold to non-industrial buyers, 8.2% is consumed directly at home, 5.0% is used to feed animals, 2.2% is given free of charge, and 0.4% is consumed by other uses (Türkiye Ziraat Ddaları Birliği, 2011). According to the data of the Turkish Food and Beverage Ondustry Onventory, 1,523 businesses operated a milk house and produced cheese in 2012 (Federatıon of Food and Drınk Ondustry Assocıatıons of Turkey, 2014). Similarly, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Livestock reported that there were 52 companies that produced pasteurized milk, 31 companies that produced ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk, and 23 companies that produced powdered milk in Turkey in 2012 (Turkey, 2015). On the same year, 790 white cheese producers, 674 kashar cheese producers, and 342 tulum cheese producers were reported. According to another study, 1,772 businesses existed in the Turkish dairy industry in 2012; 268 of these never purchased milk (Güneş, 2013). The businesses in the milk and the dairy product industry, based on the structure and the range of products, can be categorized into dairy farms and small-sized enterprises that produce specific products at specific times in the year. Therefore,