La déforestation et la dégradation de l’environnement ont évolué au gré des conditions naturelles et de l’action anthropique. Dans le Département de l’Alibori, la production cotonnière, l’élevage bovin essentiellement extensif et transhumant, l’exploitation forestière, les influences climatiques sahéliennes et l’urbanisation sont autant de facteurs qui accélèrent la déforestation. L’objectif de la présente recherche est d’évaluer la déforestation dans le Département de l’Alibori à base de l’imagerie satellitaire. Les données planimétriques issues des images SPOT 5 et 7 de 2005 et de 2015 fournies par le Projet OSFACO ont été interprétées et analysées. La classification supervisée couplée à l’interprétation visuelle des images SPOT dans le logiciel QGIS 2.18 ont été utilisées. Le contrôle-terrain a été effectué à travers 852 points GPS. La précision moyenne des cartes d’occupation des terres est d’environ 96 %. Les résultats révèlent une régression des formations végétales naturelles au profit des mosaïques de champs et jachères. Les forêts galeries, les forêts denses sèches, les forêts claires et savanes boisées et les savanes arborées et arbustives ont été converties en mosaïques de champs et jachères et en agglomérations. Les terroirs villageois sont plus touchés par la déforestation que les aires protégées qui occupent près de 45 % de la superficie du Département. Le taux de déforestation sur l’ensemble du Département est de 2,84 %. Ce taux est de 3,71 % dans les terroirs villageois et de 0,72 % dans les aires protégées. Ainsi, 37,56 % de la superficie du Département est touchée par la déforestation dont plus de 51,27 % des terroirs villageois et 15,05 % des aires protégées. Par ailleurs, 2,66 % du département est touché par la dégradation, 1,40 % a été reconstitué naturellement et seulement 0,35 % a connu une amélioration. La restauration de ces zones dégradées s’avère nécessaire dans le Département de l’Alibori considéré comme le bassin cotonnier du Bénin.
The impact of climate change on the world food supply is the drastic decrease of cereal production in the Sudano‐Sahelian region of Africa. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of climate variability on the dynamics of current and future soybean (Glycine max) production areas in the second agricultural development pole of Benin in the Sudanian region. The maximum entropy approach (Maxent) was adopted. To this end, 10,135 points of soybean (G. max) occurrence in the field and at the GBIF site were associated with environmental variables of three climatic scenarios, namely: climatic conditions, the optimistic scenario (RCP 4.5), and the most pessimistic but probable scenario (RCP 8.5) for the purposes of the analysis. The results show that climate variability will lead to profound changes in soybean agro‐ecological areas by 2050. These changes will be marked by an increase in non‐suitable and completely non suitable areas for soybean production at the expense of currently suitable and completely suitable areas. Non suitable areas, which currently occupy 26% of the study area, will increase to 27% in the RCP8.5 scenario by 2050. The same trends are observed in the completely non suitable areas, with 23% under current conditions and 26% under RCP8.5. It is therefore necessary to anticipate the adaptation and resilience strategies of producers in the face of future climate change.
For the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism, the UNFCCC, through decision 12/CP17, invites countries to develop certain tools to estimate reference emission levels for forests. With this in mind, reference emission and absorption levels were estimated in five protected areas in Benin. To achieve this, two different datasets were used, namely: in situ data from the field collection campaign carried out in 2018, especially from the national forest inventory of 2007 and land use data from 2000 to 2018. In accordance with the 2006 IPCC Good Practice Guidance on Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the calculation of historical emissions from deforestation and degradation is done by multiplying Activity Data (AD) by Emission Factors (EF). The analysis of the results shows that at the national level, the annual deforestation rate in protected areas is 0.34% (2091 ha/year), compared to 1.09% (3153 ha/year) for the annual degradation rate. Overall, carbon emissions amount to 166.65 Mt.eq-CO 2 /ha, or 16.67 Mt.eq-CO 2 /ha/year, compared to baseline removals of about 1.14 Mt.eq-CO 2 /ha, or 0.11 Mt.eq-CO 2 /ha/year in the protected areas covered by this research. Annual emissions of 0.67 Mt.eq-CO 2 /ha/year from methane are also noted, compared to 0.056 Mt.eq-CO 2 /ha/year from nitrous oxide. Therefore, It is clear that actions to mitigate GHG emissions must be undertaken directly in Benin's protected areas in order to strengthen forest carbon stocks.
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