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The use of networks for communications between the electronic control units (ECU) of a vehicle in production cars dates from the beginning of the 1990s. The specific requirements of the different car domains have led to the development of a large number of automotive networks such as Local Interconnect Network, J1850, CAN, TTP/C, FlexRay, media-oriented system transport, IDB1394, etc. This paper first introduces the context of in-vehicle embedded systems and, in particular, the requirements imposed on the communication systems. Then, a comprehensive review of the most widely used automotive networks, as well as the emerging ones, is given. Next, the current efforts of the automotive industry on middleware technologies, which may be of great help in mastering the heterogeneity, are reviewed. Finally, we highlight future trends in the development of automotive communication systems.

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Real-time wireless sensor networks are becoming more and more important by the requirement of message delivery timeliness in emerging new applications. Supporting real-time QoS in sensor networks faces severe challenges due to the wireless nature, limited resource, low node reliability, distributed architecture and dynamic network topology. There are tradeoffs between different application requirements including energy efficiency and delay performance. This paper studies the state of the art of current real-time solutions including MAC protocols, routing protocols, data processing strategies and cross-layer designs. Some research challenges and future design favors are also identified and discussed.