Irrigation techniques and technology based on principle of regular accumulation of moisture in active layer (surface irrigation, regular sprinkler irrigation) are most common in science and in practice.More progressive is principle of non-stop water supply of plants and soil in conformity to their water consumption. Drip irrigation and impulse sprinkling are based on this principle. The main advantage of drip irrigation is establishment of optimal water and nutritive regime directly in the plant root system. However, such irrigation is not effective enough under conditions of high air temperatures (over 25-35 W С), as growing process of several agricultural plants is known to slow down at 30-35 W С and photosynthesis, consequently, stops, which, in turn, affects plants yielding capacity. Sprinkling irrigation provides improvement of both microclimate in plant's environment and their water regime. Combination of drip and sprinkling irrigation permits the positive characteristics of each individual technology to be united, and to remove a series of disadvantages of their separate use as well as to use drip-sprinkler irrigation technology to create optimal conditions for plant development. Dripsprinkler irrigation technology facilitates saving of irrigation water through drip irrigation in the main vegetation period and through improvement of microclimate and water regime of agricultural plants with additional sprinkling irrigation within the period of high temperatures and low air humidity that affects the growing process and increases yielding capacity of grown cultures. Increasing water deficiency affects the world agricultural sector. Increase of water utilization productivity is an actual trend for increase of food production (Annual Report - ICID ). In irrigation agriculture irrigation technology shall secure optimal supply of agricultural plants with water based on biological peculiarities of each culture. With this purpose peculiarities of existing irrigation techniques and technologies affecting plant's environment shall be considered. Surface irrigation technology is based on the principle of regular accumulation of moisture in active layer. Technology of standard regular sprinkling also provides regular accumulation of moisture in soil and also increases air humidity and lowers its temperature during sprinkling which is a positive factor. Progressive irrigation techniques are drip irrigation, thin dispersed irrigation and impulse sprinkling. These technologies are directed to non-stop supply of plants with water in accordance with their water consumption. Effectiveness of these technologies has been proved by results of their application throughout the world (Annual Report - ICID ). Comparative efficiency of various irrigative regimes of sprinkling and drip irrigation of sunflowers in Mediterranean region of Turkey certifies that both drip watering and sprinkling irrigation provide acceptable increase in yielding capacity and quality of sunflowers under water deficiency conditions.Here...

The principle of non-stop water supply to plants and soil in accordance with their water intake is progressive. Drip irrigation and impulse sprinkling correspond to this principle. Drip irrigation provides optimal water and nutrient regimes directly to the root system of plants. However, this irrigation is not effective enough under conditions of high temperature (over 25–35 °C) as growth processes are known to slow down and photosynthesis to cease, consequently affecting the yielding capacity. Impulse sprinkling provides optimal moisture level in the given layer, improved microclimate in the plant environment and water regime of plants within the whole vegetation period and is most effective within daytime. Through improvement of microclimate and plants' water regime within periods of high temperature and low air humidity under the conditions of South Kazakhstan, the technology of impulse sprinkling enabled increasing productivity of a clonal rootstock mother plantation for the 3 years of research on average by 19.4% compared to regular sprinkling. The applied technology provided optimization of layers' growth and development conditions upon decrease of the moistening of the soil layer of mother plantation bushes for derogation of their water regime after hilling the grown root layers.

The effectiveness of water resource use in agriculture under the current conditions of economic development in Kazakhstan is quite low because of aged irrigation techniques and technologies, as well as significant costs for water transportation. To achieve water saving in agriculture, the introduction of up-to-date irrigation techniques and water-saving technologies is required, as well as reductions in water losses in transport and other measures to increase water use productivity as water supply deficits increase. The technologies of impulse and mist irrigation, and surface watering, and technical facilities for their implementation are aimed at increasing the productivity of irrigation water use and establishing optimal conditions for plant development.

Consideration of the main ways and measures aimed at rational water use through integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the Republic of Crimea is the purpose of this paper. The article considers world experience in the application of integrated water resources management, on the basis of which the need for a complex task of effective water resources management has been justified. The Republic of Crimea has sufficient resources and prerequisites for the implementation of an IWRM system; in this connection, the article presents suggestions for the implementation of rational water distribution, formed on the basis of the experience of foreign countries. For the successful implementation of the IWRM principles in the Crimea, it is necessary to carry out a number of transformations, which fi rst of all include the improvement of the current management structure, as well as the elimination of defi ciencies in the water management complex. Within the framework of IWRM, the following actions are necessary to improve the current water situation: actions to strengthen the legal and regulatory framework; measures to facilitate the obtaining of reliable and quality information about the water situation; measures to implement IWRM principles, taking into account the fact that water flow through the North Crimean Canal is resumed. Based on the foregoing, it follows that for the successful implementation of the intended goals for the implementation of IWRM principles, the coordination of activities for the rational use of water resources should be fully owned by the government represented by the main stakeholders.