While the aggregate positive effects of entrepreneurship are assumed in many studies, there is a lack of empirical support for such assumptions. This study investigates the causal relationship between entrepreneurship, economic growth and unemployment. We also examine how a shock in one variable may influence other variables and the length of the effect. The findings of panel data from 39 countries collected between 2006 and 2016 using the Granger-causality test indicate a unidirectional causal effect of economic growth on entrepreneurship and unemployment. However, despite their correlation, no causal link was found between entrepreneurship and unemployment. The analysis of impulse-response functions also shows that only shocks from the entrepreneurship indicator are permanent in the model. Variance decomposition results reveal that the most important factor causing changes in entrepreneurship is the entrepreneurship indicator itself, implying that only specific entrepreneurial policies can affect the entrepreneurship indicator’s components and improve this indicator.

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This paper presents a study to determine demand for electricity in city of Yazd, Iran over the period of 1998-2008. Using vector error correction model (VECM) based on seasonal information, the study determines that electricity has no elasticity in short term in household expenditure. Therefore, government policy on increasing price of electricity will not influence demand. However, electricity maintains elasticity over the long-term period and an increase on price of electricity could motivate consumers to reduce their consumption by purchasing energy efficient facilities. Therefore, any governmental strategy to increase price may have positive impact on economy. The study also detects a positive and meaningful relationship between temperature and electricity consumption.

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