The objectives of this study were to obtain - fruit (OFIF) extract by autoclave treatment, to convert the flavonoid glycosides in the autoclave extract (AE) to aglycones by enzymatic hydrolysis, and to compare the antioxidant activity of AE and OFIF extracts obtained by other conventional methods. It was revealed that the total polyphenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of AE were higher than those of water extract but were a slightly lower than those of ethanol extract, which indicates that autoclave treatment might be an efficient extraction method for OFIF. Moreover, it was confirmed that the conversion of various flavonoid glycosides to aglycones in all the OFIF extracts does not significantly affect the antioxidant activities. Therefore, it is extrapolated that the antioxidant activity might be correlated to the intestinal absorption rates and metabolic pathway induction upon oral administration rather than the structure of compound itself.

This study aimed to study the effect of frozen-storage period on the quality of sirloin and mackerel (). The samples were evaluated after being kept in frozen storage at -17.9 °C for different periods of time (1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 days). The frozen storage resulted in increase in ice crystal formation on the surface of both sirloin and mackerel. Frozen-storage period had an effect on the increase in the drip loss of both sirloin and mackerel with a positive correlation ( < 0.05) as well as on the decrease in the hardness of sirloin with a negative correlation ( < 0.05). During the frozen-storage period, the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance level was increased in mackerel while the level in sirloin was maintained; both levels were within safe limits. Consequently, a 29-day freezing period is postulated to have little effect on the quality of sirloin and mackerel.

The aims of the present study were to prepare different-sized red ginseng powders and investigate the particle size effect on the release property of ginsenosides in in vitro digestion conditions. Ultrafine powder showed bimodal particle size distribution with a large peak at around 100 μm and small peak at around 10 μm, differently from fine powder showing unimodal distribution at 100 μm. The specific surface areas of fine- and ultrafine powders were 48.72 ± 6.41 and 86.74 ± 5.96 m/g, respectively. Time-dependent release property of the powders in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids was determined by quantifying ginsenoside Rg1 released. The initial and final concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 released was higher in ultrafine powder than fine one. It is expected that particle size reduction and corresponding increase in the specific surface area have a potential to improve the release of ginsenosides in the gastrointestinal tract and enhance the chances to be absorbed in human body.

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