Gingival papilla appearance was associated significantly with subject age, tooth form/shape, proximal contact length, crestal bone height and interproximal gingival thickness.

A favorable response was observed when Putty P15 was applied to extraction sockets, suggesting that it may be useful for alveolar ridge preservation prior to dental implant placement.

Initial vertical defect depth (>or=4 mm) and treatment modality (e.g., BG) were found to be the clinical parameter and factor that were associated with high probability of clinical improvement. Sites treated with BG, such as mineralized human cancellous allograft, were more likely to have greater vertical furcation defect fill than the conventional OFD surgery. Additional membrane placement does not enhance the treatment outcome achieved by BG alone.