In tunnels, lighting not only affects visual performance, but also non-visual aspects such as drivers' physiological fatigue and mental stress. The non-visual impacts in the interior zone of long tunnels are particularly prominent as drivers are confined for a long time. To alleviate this problem, this study aims to investigate the relationship between drivers' physiological and psychological states and lighting environments. The physiological signal test system (MP150) breathing belt was used to record the changes of heart rate variability (HRV) of drivers when passing through the interior zone of a long tunnel under various lighting conditions. In particular, sympathetic indicators of physiological fatigues and the ratio of low frequency and high frequency (LF/HF) representing mental load were obtained. By analyzing the temporal variation in these two indicators, it is found that environmental luminance perception can more accurately reflect drivers' physiological and psychological states in the long tunnel than road luminance. An increase in road luminance or background luminance will result in a decrease in the mental stress, thereby reducing fatigue sense. Compared to simply increasing road luminance, mental stress of drivers decreased more obviously when the background luminance of long tunnel increased. Based on this, this paper proposed a method to regulate non-visual effect by adding contour markers without increasing light source intensity for the improvement in lighting performance, driving safety, and energy efficiency in long tunnels.

Generally speaking, entanglement entropy (EE) between two subregions of a gapped quantum many-body state is proportional to the area/length of their interface due to the short-range quantum correlation. However, the so-called area law is violated logarithmically in a quantum critical phase. Moreover, the subleading correction exists in long-range entangled topological phases. It is referred to as topological EE which is related to the quantum dimension of the collective excitation in the bulk. Furthermore, if a non-smooth sharp angle is in the presence of the subsystem boundary, a universal angle dependent geometric contribution is expected to appear in the subleading correction. In this work, we simultaneously explore the geometric and edge contributions in the integer quantum Hall (IQH) state and its edge reconstruction in a unified bipartite method. Their scaling is found to be consistent with conformal field theory (CFT) predictions and recent results of particle number fluctuation calculations.

A flexplate is a mechanical component that couples the crankshaft to the torque converter of a car with automatic transmission. A higher axial stiffness is one of significant requirements for it in order to ensure its performance. In this paper an optimum design of the flexplate disk is described that maximizes the axial stiffness of the flexplate disk with weight and inertial moment constraints. The strategy for optimizing the layout of the disk is to perform topology optimization first then position optimization. The relation is presented which shows the variation of axial stiffness with respect to changes of the number, shape and position of the holes on the flexplate disk. The research shows that the shape of the hole punched on the disk does not affect the axial stiffness greatly. Thus, the manufacturing cost should be considered first in the optimum design of the flexplate disk

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