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As the convergence accuracy of the Porcellio scaber algorithm (PSA) is low, this study proposes an improved algorithm based on the t-distribution elite mutation mechanism. First, the improved algorithm applies a t-distribution mutation to each dimension of the optimal solution of each generation. Using the dominant information of the optimal solution and t-distribution characteristics, the result of the mutation is then employed as the updated location of the selected porcellio; thus, the algorithm enhances the ability to jump out of local extreme values and improves the convergence speed. Second, the updated iterative rule of PSA may lead to the loss of information of the elite porcellio in the last generation. To solve this problem, the judgment mechanisms of the current and previous optimal solutions are included in the algorithm process. Finally, dynamic self-adaptive improvement is applied to the weight allocation parameters of PSA. Simulation results on 24 benchmark functions show that the improved algorithm has significant advantages in convergence accuracy, convergence speed, and stability when compared with basic PSA, PSO, GSA, and FPA. This indicates that the improved algorithm has certain advantages in terms of optimization. An optimal solution with good practicability is obtained by solving three practical engineering problems: three-bar truss, welded beam, and tension/compression-spring design.