The prevalence of some tick-borne zoonotic bacteria (Borrelia sp., Coxiella burnetii, and Rickettsia sp.) in dog blood samples were examined using by PCR. A total of 200 dog blood samples were collected from dogs located in western Türkiye. Three pathogens for dogs, Borrelia burgdorferi, C. burnetii and Rickettsia sp. of were detected in dog blood samples. A single PCR was performed for the C. burnetii and multiplex PCR was applied for the Rickettsiae spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi. At the end of PCR study, Borrelia burgdorferi, C. burnetii and Rickettsiae sp. target pathogens were identified at the rate of 55.0% from all blood samples. The percentage distributions according to identified species were at the rate of C. burnetii 1.5%, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 2.0% and Rickettsiae spp. 51.5%. In this results show that the dogs may be a risk factor for the distribution of the tick-borne zoonotic bacteria. Tick borne zoonotic bacteria were to create a hazard to the human health.

İnfeksiyöz keratokonjonktivit (İKC) sığır ve koyunlarda ekonomik kayıplara neden olan bir göz hastalığıdır. Hastalık etkenleri genel olarak Moraxella bovis ve M. ovis olarak bilinirken 2007'de IKC'den de sorumlu türler arasına M. bovoculi’de tanımlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı konjonktival hiperemi, oküler ağrı, fotofobi ve lakrimasyon semptomları gösteren develerde Moraxella spp. varlığının saptanması ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılık profillerindeki farklılıkları belirlemektir. Aydın yöresinde 30 adet deve’ye (Camelus dromedarius) ait sağ ve sol gözlerden bilateral (n= 60 örnek) konjonktival svap örnekleri nazikçe toplandı. Moraxella spp. (6/60; %10) suşları sürüntü örneklerinden fenotipik ve genotipik yöntemlerle izole edildi. Biyokimyasal olarak ilk değerlendirme nitrat redüksiyon ve jelatinaz sonuç negatif olması yönünden M. ovis ve M. bovoculi (M. bovis negatif) ile uyumluluk gösterdi. Ayrıca, 357F ve 1492R evrensel primerleri kullanarak 16S rRNA PCR gerçekleştirildi ve nükleotit sekansı yapıldı. Sanger sekanslama ile izolatların Moraxella bovoculi (Moraxella bovoculi suşu 3709'a %98-99 benzerlik Access. No: GU181221.1) olduğu doğrulandı. İzolatlarda eritromisin (%100), amoksisilin-klavulanik asit, penisilin, siprofloksasin ve tetrasiklin (%67) gibi yaygın antibiyotiklere direnç, sefotaksim, gentamisin ve imipenem’e (%100) duyarlılık tespit edildi. M. bovoculi suşu develerin göz infeksiyonlarında ülkemizde daha önce rapor edilmemiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmamız develerin göz infeksiyonlarında M. bovoculi'nin varlığını doğrulamaktadır ve develerin göz infeksiyonlarından izole edilebileceğine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Escherichia coli is a microorganism that is found in the normal intestinal microbiota of humans and warm-blooded animals, causing intestinal or extra-intestinal infections. Many pathogenic E. coli strains can cause diarrhea, septicemia, neonatal meningitis, mastitis, urogenital system infections and various intra-abdominal, lung, soft tissue and skin infections in pets. Determining the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from animals is very important for the prevention of infections caused by E. coli. In recent years, a new animal pathotype mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC), which causes mammary gland infections in animals has been included in the extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli group. The fact that approximately %25-%35 of the use of antimicrobials in the treatment of Gram-negative agents is unsuccessful indicates that the use of correct diagnostic tools should take place in routine before etiological diagnosis. Profiles in bovine milk with mastitis suggest that clinical mastitis is associated with dysbacteriosis and that the microbial community in an intact mammary gland helps prevent intramammary infection. In this review, the change in bacterial diversity of milk microbiota due to antimicrobial use in E. coli-induced mastitis cases is discussed together with current studies.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms consumed by humans and animals that affect the intestinal microflora qualitatively or quantitatively or trigger the beneficial effects of the immune system. The discovery of probiotics and the beginning of studies date back to the end of the 19 th century. Afterwards, these studies continue on the microorganisms used as probiotics, selection criteria and probiotic microorganisms in the animal microbiota. Today's probiotics are used as immune system modulation and protection against pathogenic microorganisms in veterinary medicine. In recent studies against gastrointestinal system disorders in cats, dogs and poultry and on the immune system before or after treatment, probiotic applications have been found to be successful in ruminants, especially in mastitis cases. Due to important problems caused by the use of antibiotics in animal breeding, such as the increase in populations of antibiotic resistant bacteria, it seems possible to use the latest probiotic applications as an alternative to antibiotics, especially for prophylaxis. In this review, the effectiveness of probiotic microorganisms on the basis of diseases and their effects on the immune system are discussed together with current studies.