Background: Myanmar has a high burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and second-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been available since 2008 in the public health sector. However, there have been no published data about the outcomes of such patients until now.Objective: To assess the treatment and programmatic outcomes and factors associated with unfavorable outcomes (treatment failure, death and loss to follow-up from care) among people living with HIV (aged ≥ 10 years) receiving protease inhibitor-based second-line ART under the Integrated HIV Care Program in Myanmar between October 2008 and June 2015.Design: Retrospective cohort study using routinely collected program data.Results: Of 824 adults and adolescents on second-line ART, 52 patients received viral load testing and 19 patients were diagnosed with virological failure. However, their treatment was not modified. At the end of a total follow-up duration of 7 years, 88 (11%) patients died, 35 (4%) were lost to follow-up, 21 (2%) were transferred out to other health facilities and 680 (83%) were still under care. The incidence rate of unfavorable outcomes was 7.9 patients per 100 person years follow-up. Patients with a history of injecting drug use, with a history of lost to follow-up, with a higher baseline viral load and who had received didanosine and abacavir had a higher risk of unfavorable outcomes. Patients with higher baseline C4 counts, those having taken first-line ART at a private clinic, receiving ART at decentralized sites and taking zidovudine and lamivudine had a lower risk of unfavorable outcomes.Conclusions: Long-term outcomes of patients on second-line ART were relatively good in this cohort. Virological failure was relatively low, possibly because of lack of viral load testing. No patient who failed on second-line ART was switched to third-line treatment. The National HIV/AIDS Program should consider making routine viral load monitoring and third-line ART drugs available after a careful cost–benefit analysis.

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Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world. Here, fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery, brewers spent grain (BSG), apple cider vinegar, wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple. Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide. Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait. The highest fruit fly per trap per day (FTD) value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered. The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution. The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base. The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar's tropical region. Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.