Monolayer Bi2O2Se is a promising post-silicon-era semiconductor candidate because of its simultaneous excellent device performance and high ambient stability.

Crossed molecular beams experiments on dicarbon molecules, C2(X1sigmag+/a3piu), with unsaturated hydrocarbons acetylene (C2H2(X1sigmag+), ethylene (C2H4(X1Ag)), methylacetylene (CH3CCH(X1A1)), and allene (H2CCCH2 (X1A1)) were carried out at 18 collision energies between 10.6 and 50.3 kJ mol(-1) utilizing a universal crossed beams machine to untangle the reaction dynamics forming hydrogen deficient hydrocarbon radicals in circumstellar envelopes of carbons stars and in cold molecular clouds. We find that all reactions proceed without the entrance barrier through indirect (complex forming) scattering dynamics. Each bimolecular collision is initiated by an addition of the dicarbon molecule to the pi bond of the unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule yielding initially acyclic (triplet) and three- or four-membered cyclic collision complexes (triplet and singlet surface). On the singlet surface, the cyclic structures isomerize to form eventually diacetylene (HCCCCH; C2/C2H2), butatriene (H2CCCCH2; C2/C2H4), methyldiacetylene (CH3CCCCH; C2/CH3CCH), and pentatetraene (H2CCCCCH2; C2/H2CCCH2) intermediates. The latter were found to decompose via atomic hydrogen loss yielding the buta-1,3-diynyl [C4H(X2sigma+) HCCCC], 1-butene-3-yne-2-yl [i-C4H3(X2A') H2CCCCH], penta-2,4-diynyl-1 [C5H3(X2B1) HCCCCCH2], and penta-1,4-diynyl-3 radical [C5H3(X2B1) HCCCHCCH] under single collision conditions. The underlying characteristics of these dicarbon versus atomic hydrogen replacement pathways (indirect scattering dynamics; no entrance barrier; isomerization barriers below the energy of the separated reactants; exoergic reactions) suggest the enormous potential of the dicarbon plus unsaturated hydrocarbon reaction class to form highly hydrogen-deficient carbonaceous molecules in cold molecular clouds and in circumstellar envelopes of carbon stars. The studies therefore present an important advancement in establishing a comprehensive database of reaction intermediates and products involved in bimolecular collisions of dicarbon molecules with unsaturated hydrocarbons which can be utilized in refined astrochemical models and also in future searches of hitherto unidentified interstellar molecules. Implications of these experiments to understand related combustion processes are also addressed.

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We investigated the multichannel reaction of ground-state carbon atoms with acetylene, C2H2 (X1Sigmag+), to form the linear and cyclic C3H isomers (atomic hydrogen elimination pathway) as well as tricarbon plus molecular hydrogen. The experiments were conducted under single-collision conditions at three different collision energies between 8.0 kJ mol-1 and 31.0 kJ mol-1. Our studies were complemented by crossed molecular beam experiments of carbon with three isotopomers C2D2(X1Sigmag+), C2HD (X1Sigma+), and 13C2H2 (X1Sigmag+) to clarify a potential intersystem crossing (ISC), the effect of the symmetry of the reaction intermediates on the center-of-mass angular distributions, the collision energy-dependent branching ratios of the atomic versus molecular hydrogen elimination pathways, and deuterium-enrichment processes. The results are discussed in light of recent electronic structure and dynamics calculations.

We present the design and the characteristics of an ultrahigh vacuum compatible laser ablation source which can be operated in a crossed molecular beam machine at pressures as low as 10−9Torr. This unit provides intense supersonic beams of up to 3×1013cm−3 reactant species (carbon atoms, dicarbon, and tricarbon) in the interaction region of a crossed molecular beam machine. Practical delay time windows between the pulsed valve releasing the seeding gas and the laser have been determined to be between 16 630 and 16645μs, i.e., firing the laser 150–165μs after the 80μs pulsed valve trigger. The concentration of the dicarbon and tricarbon clusters can be maximized/minimized by adjusting the laser focus (a tighter laser focus leads to an enhanced atomic carbon component) and the laser power (multiphoton dissociation). We achieved stable peak velocities between 800 and 3800ms−1 and speed ratios S of up to 6.